Vertical and Horizontal Integration

It is the goal of any business to be profitable and sustainable in the short-run and in the long run. To achieve this, many firms come up with a number of methods and strategies that tend to utilize their resources and capabilities in an effective and efficient manner. As a result, such organizations tend to become market leaders and command a large market share in their respective industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical and Horizontal Integration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vertical and horizontal integration are amongst the most used methods in ensuring that companies have a competitive advantage over their rivals. These methods are therefore grand strategies that aim at giving companies the right direction in terms of their running, operations and management. Through their application, companies have the chance to have a competitive advantage over their rivals and command a large market share . Horizontal integration is the process through which firms in the same industry and similar level of production merge to jointly produce goods and services. This joint operation normally tends to reduce production and operating costs. As a result, such firms tend to produce their goods and services at a cheaper price as compared to other individual companies who undertake the whole process of production on their own. To stand on a stronger base, firms that decide to adopt this strategy should be experts in their respective fields. Through horizontal integration, firms are able to exploit the economies of scale to their advantage. This is because they incur costs jointly. Examples of costs that firms are able to incur jointly include transpiration, warehousing, advertising, selling and distributions, purchase of raw materials and labour costs. Such companies will thus produce their goods and services at a cheaper price as compared to their rivals. Due to this fact, they will stand a chance of sell their goods at a lower price as compared to other firms in the market. This will in turn increase their market share. As a result, such companies will have a competitive advantage in their industries. In addition, through merging up, companies that have adopted this strategy will enjoy the privileges of monopoly. The entry of new firms into the market will be difficult due to the high market share that they hold.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the motor industry, Volkswagen is a company that has benefited greatly from horizontal integration. The company merged with Skoda to manufacture vehicles. Their main target group were the members of the middle and lower classes of the society. Through their expertise, they were able to manufacture cheap and efficient cars that are desirable for individuals of these classes. At the present moment, Volkswagen is in th e process of merging up with Porsche to produce luxurious cars for the individuals of the upper class. Once this is in place, Volkswagen will have a large market share in the motor vehicle industry in Europe by having cars that meet the needs of all individuals in the society. As a result, the company will have a competitive advantage over other companies that target a specific class in the society. Vertical stratification is also another grand strategy that can enable firms to have a competitive advantage and command a large market share. This method is achieved by the acquisition of suppliers or consumers in a market by a firm. This strategy has the following options: Forward integrations Backwards integration Full integration Taper integration In forward integration, a firm acquires a company whose level of production is in a later stage while in backward integration, a firm acquires a company whose level of production is in an earlier stage. In full integration, a firm control s all the activities of manufacturing a product. In taper integration, on the other hand, a firm manufactures goods and services by merging with suppliers of raw materials and distributors of the products. Using the concept of vertical integration brings about a number of benefits within an organization. This concept tends to reduce costs, improve the efficiency of production and improve on the quality and quantity of the product. These facts are essential in ensuring that companies have a competitive advantage over their rivals. Porters Grand Strategies There are several factors that affect the manner in which firms operate within their respective industries and the profitability they enjoy. The attractiveness that a firm has in the industry in which it is operating is a primary factor in the determination of the profitability that the firm will enjoy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical and Horizontal Integration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The position that a business holds within the industry is an operating in acts as a secondary factor (Quick MBA, 2011). Therefore, a firm may be in a state of earning profits that are below average but due to its strategic positioning it still earns high returns. According to Michael Porter, a firm positioning depends on the manner in which it is utilizing its strengths (Quick MBA, 2011). The strengths of a firm depend on whether a firm wants to cost conscious or differently from its rivals. While a firm is operating on a broad or narrow scale, it can achieve this either through cost leadership, differentiation or focus (Quick MBA, 2011). The following graph shows Porters grand strategy model. Using the cost leadership strategy, a firm will focus on reducing its cost of production. To achieve this, a firm may seek cheaper raw materials, use the most efficient methods of production or reduce its labour costs. As a result therefore, the avera ge cost of production per unit will be reduced. Such a company may sell its goods and services at the average market price or below the market price. Selling the goods at the market price will ensure that the company earns more profits as compared to its rivals. On the other hand, selling the goods below the market price will reduce the revenue of the company but will earn it market share. For this strategy to be successful, a company needs to have a lot of capital, expertise, skills and efficient channels for marketing and distribution of its products (Quick MBA, 2011). IKEA is one of the companies that use this technique. Since its incorporation, the company has been coming up with means of reducing its production costs in order to reduce the prices of its commodities. The strategy has been successful since IKEA has grown to become one of the leading furniture manufacturing and retailing companies in the world. This strategy has its own risks.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other firms may also decide to lower down the costs of their goods and services. Technological advancements also lead to the formulation of more efficient methods of production that reduce costs and increase the quantity of production. Other firms may also decide to target narrow markets. All these factors will reduce the competitive advantage that a firm had gained as a result of using this strategy. To build on its strengths, a firm may also adopt the differentiation strategy. While using this strategy, a firm will try to have a competitive advantage by producing goods that are different or unique as compared to the ones that are currently in the market. These new version or types of goods should suit the needs and requirements of consumers in a better way as compared to the goods that are currently present in the market. As a result, many customers will prefer the new version of the goods and services that are produced by the firm. This will in turn increase the demand for the go od and consumers they may become loyal to the product and the brand. In addition, they may recommend it to other individuals. This will in turn increase the market share of the firm in the industry. In addition, the company will have a competitive advantage over its rivals. To achieve this, a firm must be innovative and invest on research. It must also have a skilled and innovative team and must use brilliant marketing techniques to reach its target group. Imitations from rivals coupled with changes in consumer tastes and preferences are the main risks to this strategy. A firm that adopts the focus strategy is one that operates within a narrow range of the market. Due to this fact, such firms would like to achieve a mix of differentiation and cost advantage. To achieve this, a firm normally identifies a specific target group in the market and produces goods and services that meet their specific needs. Due to this fact, such firms are able to satisfy the needs of their customers and earn consumer loyalty. It will therefore be difficult for new firms to enter into this market due to the brand loyalty that the target group has for the firm. Firms operating in such markets may also sell their goods at high prices since they do not have close substitutes. However, there are some risks that are involved. These include changes in consumers tastes and preferences and imitations. Other firms may also focus on a section of this target market and supply them with a good that is of a better quality. Reference Quick MBA, n.d, Porter’s Generic Strategies. Available at:Â  http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/generic.shtml This essay on Vertical and Horizontal Integration was written and submitted by user Al1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

King Alfred the Great essays

King Alfred the Great essays King Alfred the Great (871-899) was one of the best kings ever to rule. He defended his kingdom from Viking raids, enacted a code of laws, and helped to give rebirth to religious and scholarly activity. During Alfreds reign, he demonstrated military and strategic skills, sound authority and the capability to inspire men and plan for the future, great devotion to the support of religion, personal scholarship and the promotion of education. King Alfred was born in 849 AD at Wantage, Berkshire. Aethelwulf, the King of Wessex and Alfreds father, had four sons and one daughter. Alfred was the youngest of the four other children. At the age of four, Alfred had the desire to become a monk. As a result, his father sends him to accompany Pope Leo IV in Rome. Alfred would go to Rome again with his father in 855 on a pilgrimage. In 858, Aethelwulf dies, leaving Wessex to be governed by his three other brothers, Ethelbald, Ethelbert, and Elthred. (Alfred the Great) In 865 a "great heathen army" (Alfred the Great) arrived in England seizing a dispute in Northumbria in order to control the divided kingdom. By 870, the army had built multiple roads into Mercia, subdued East Anglia, and killed its king Edmund. By 871, the heathens joined forces with another army from overseas, and began to attack Wessex. In return, the West-Saxons and the Mercians combine forces and attack the Danes. The only way for Alfred to get the Danes to submit to peace was to pay them a large sum of money. In 868, Alfred marries Ealhswith, the daughter of Aelthelred Mucill. Ealhswith was the granddaughter of a past King of Mercia. Alfred would not ascend to the throne until the death of his brother Elthred, in Easter of 871. (Alfred the Great) Now that Alfred is King of Wessex, he must protect his insecure kingdom from invasion. The Danes would attack the West-Saxons again in 875. But this time Alfred did not pay them for ...

Asnwer all the questions on the paper after reading and watching some Essay

Asnwer all the questions on the paper after reading and watching some materials - Essay Example As explained in Genesis 11:9 from the Bible where the title was drawn, Babel is where God confused the people who once had one language. In the entirety of the movie, confusions abound, a fact that one cannot deny is in abundance in lives around the world regardless of age, status, gender, education or political beliefs and affiliations. Richard and Susan, the couple who went on vacation to Morocco, trying to mend the damages their loss of their child brought to their marriage show many symbolisms in their character. For instance, in their attempt to get over the loss of their child, one would wonder why they chose Morocco. Whether it was planned well or not is not the issue, but the message the director wanted to send to viewers. One hypothesis could be the intensity of the emotions of the couple which they were not able to express, could be well displayed in their choice of place. It could also symbolize the state they are in, with their love for each other still hot however is drying out because of the confusions they are going through with the loss of their child. Their choice could also be interpreted in accordance to general observations that, when a person is troubled, he usually makes hasty decisions which usually leads to more problems. The character of Chieko, the deaf Japanese girl who was encountering problems regarding growing up in addition to the loss of her mother represents the vulnerable, usually misunderstood and abused in their weaknesses. The usual uniform of Japanese students is one of the symbolisms that was misconstrued, being short enough to show the form of the user. It has been taken as a sexual invitation when the young girl was still innocent about such matters. This could draw one’s attention to avoid stereotyping rather understanding customs and traditions before drawing conclusions. Facial expressions

'Economic development is a prerequisite to democratisation.' Discuss Essay

'Economic development is a prerequisite to democratisation.' Discuss - Essay Example Southern Europe became the first continent to experience the rapid political transformation in mid 1970s. It later spread to the Latin America and some specific parts of Asia in 1980s. Finally, in the late 1980s and even in the early 1990s, it moved to the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and some specific parts in the sub- Saharan Africa. In some countries, democratization is known to have a strong impulse, while in other countries it is considered as a weaker impulse or does not even exist. In addition, it has also been revealed that government and politics democratic forms have been common in some specific parts of the world and less in others. In conducting analysis, various individuals have applied the measures of democracy and development, which are different. This has led to several crucial questions that concerns democracy consequences, emergence, and maintenance being handled. Many different scholars have been committed in analyzing democracy economic requisites. This took place during Lipset (1959) early work. He stated that the chances of democracy being sustained are more likely when a country is a more well-to-do. Regardless of how democracy is measured and when used, the relationship between the democracy and the improved levels of economic development remains to be important and irrefutable. The outcome of this various findings is the weak claim of economic development and democracy just being associated with each other. On the other hand, strong claim has been established that economic development brings about democracy. This results in recognition of endogenous and exogenous theories. The relationship between democracy and economic development is the major existing argument. In this argument, endogenous and exogenous theory differences are examined. In the endogenous theory, democracy is described as being economic development function. According to this theory, development in poor countries increases the chances for democratic transition. The fact ors contributing to this include the increase in the number of middle class who are enlightened, changes in the land, income, and capital relative distribution. On the other hand, exogenous theory opposes this; they insist that democracy does not result from development. According to exogenous theory, longevity of democracy is maintained by the economic development. However, the theory suggests that from the authoritarian rule, the transition to democracy is exogenous to development. This theory suggests that democracy is established with the aid of different factors that are considered as being external to economic development processes. These factors include, elites in authoritarian regimes interacting strategically and relative power alterations, elites who are in the regime and those who are in the opposition having strategic interaction, and individual rights of citizenship being mobilized socially. In addition to this are international factors that are significant. These inclu de diffusion, contagion, coercion, and even globalization. These exogenous explanations does not dismiss the existence of economic development, instead the argument is that in countries with high level of development establishment of democracy collapses. This way the process of democratization is just supported by economic development and not determine by it. In exogenous explanations, economic development is critically handled. It considers that once established, democracy continues in a country. The determining factor here is the economic

Expansion and Merger Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Expansion and Merger - Research Paper Example The laws relating to merger as embodied in sections 391 to 396 of the companies Act, 1956 enable the government to oversee if the companies in need of merger follow procedures and requirements necessary for merger as consideration of the tribunal (Wilson, 2011). Another reason why the government need to regulate market during a merger is because, it is the government’s duty to oversee whether the management of the target merging firm can secure itself form hostile and harsh takeover through a number of various financial as well as legal defenses. The need for government regulation in this case serves as a law that tends to be deferential to defenses for as long as the target the target company does not act primarily to preserve its own position. The government becomes skeptical during a merger since the management of a target company subject for acquisition may negatively affect the society if employees of this company lose their jobs as this increase the percentage of the une mployed in a country. In the United States, the rationale for government intervention is helping in assessing those mergers based on hubris and power without accounting for consequences involved (Burge, 2008). Consequently, the government is now able, with the help of defense laws, to facilitate majority of mergers rendering transactions friendly and negotiable. Hence, preserving and accounting for interests of parties involved by following the rule of law to the latter. Furthermore, the government intervention in the market process remains justified since it ensures that the combined size of the new corporation cannot monopolize power rendering the merger unlawful. Another rationale for government market intervention is that it regulates purchasing power of companies. In this situation, the law offers tender protocols that require whoever is purchasing anything beyond 5 percent of company’s shares to identify him or herself, make particular public disclosures, and announce t he reason for the share purchase and any terms and conditions of the tender offer. When companies decide to work on self-expansion, complexities regarding things like capital arise. Subsequently, business expansion or growth is a stage in the life of a company that is fraught with not only opportunities, but also perils. In addition, business expansion carries with it a corresponding increase in financial fortunes for owners and employees as well. When intended companies fail to merger due to unavoidable circumstances and at the same time decide on expanding on its own, it requires additional financing. Getting the extra capital for expansion may prove to be a hard task since small businesses planning to expand encounter drawbacks that make them vulnerable to market strategies that renders small businesses inadequate for advantageous terms available in the capita market. Another complexity associated with capital projects that is likely to rise is unbalanced sales revenue. In some b usinesses, stakeholders expect to see growth in value of company’s stock. Nevertheless, due to unpredicted downward growth in the trend market share, amount of revenue obtained from sales deteriorate causing the company to face difficulties while in its plans of expansion. Additionally, at times of expansion, companies face more complexities pertaining to capital projects, as the firm requires more room for expansion. Raising extra capital to buy land for firm’

Effect of Globalisation on Inflation

Effect of Globalisation on Inflation Contents list (jump to) Introduction Body Content Globalization Discourage Inflation? How does Globalisation discourage inflation in OECD countries? Globalization Encourage inflation? How Does Globalization Affect China Inflation? Conclusion Appendix (1) Appendix (2) Bibliography Introduction In this advancement era, communicating and sharing of cultures between countries has become much easier. Not only that, good and services can be consumed by country that are not being produced within the country. For example, in countries that have two good or services only, country will be producing good that they are good at producing in term of comparative advantages or even through theory of abundant factor of production. This mean, country will export the good that they are good at producing and importing good that they are poor at producing. Globalization makes import and export between countries possible. What is globalization? According to BBC, globalization is process by which the world is becoming more interconnected as compared to before. This is because; globalization is the mean of the worldwide movement toward integration in term of economic, financial, trade and also communication. The history of Globalization has begun century ago, however, different economics, have different opinion on when globalization actually begin. Some economics that agree with Adam smith, believe that globalization happen on two most important events that is being recorded in the history. The two major event that are related to globalization is significantly dated in 1492 in event of Christopher Colombus stumbles on the Americas in search of spices and 1498 in event of Vasco da Gama makes an end run around Africa and snatched monopoly rents away from the Arab and Venetian spice trader (Kevin H.ORourke, 2000). Some economics like Andre Gunder Franks believe that globalization begins only from 1500 onward and economics such as Jerry Bentley argues that globalization begin even before 1500. A test was being carried out to test the globalization impact on economic. The test looks at the connection between factor price, commodity price and endowment worldwide. However, in the year 1492 and 1498, there is no evidence showing that globalization occurs in the two year. Only in the 19th century, there is abundant of evidence support that in this century, a big globalization bang has occurred. (Kevin H.ORourke, Abstract, 2000). The reason for globalization to occur in a large scale is because the advancement of transportation, technology and reduction of tariff. With the advancement of transport such as containerisation have make transportation of good from one nation to another nation much more efficient and also cheaper. Containerisation is the use of common size of container to transport good from one nation to another nation. In addition, advancement of technology such as internet has contributed highly to sharing of information and also enables people to communicate around the world. Tariff is used to increase the price of the imported good. With the support of World Trade Organization (WTO), who aims is to encourage country to trade in a free trade barrier environment. With the reduction of tariff, people will be able to consume more of foreign produced goods and services. Other than that, mobility of capital and labour also contributed largely to the globalization era that we are facing in today worl d. Many countries have tried many ways to control their inflation. This is because, if inflation is too high, the cost of living of a nation will be high, and eventually affecting it standard of living to fall. Inflation refers to the rate at which price level of general good and services is rising. With the raise of price level of good and services in a country, purchasing power of consumer in the nation itself will fall. Inflation rate is being measured by percentage change in Consumer Price Index (CPI) . Consumer price index is the weighted average of good and services that are being purchased by a typical household. Some cause of inflation is the market power, demand pull .asset market boom and shock supply (T.Harvey, 2011). One of the examples is that during an economic expansion, household will have surplus of money. With this abundant of money, household will increase their demand of good and services. Thus, in response toward the increase in demand for goods and services, firm w ill have to increase the price of good and services to reduce the demand. This increase in price level in response of high demand is an example of inflation The main question now is does globalization affect inflation? Many economics hold different perspective about globalization and inflation. There are also various opinions in regard of inflation and globalization. Some economists say that globalization will encourage inflation to rise, while other economics have contrary view about inflation and globalization. Therefore, we are going to examine whether or not globalization has an impact of the nation inflation. Body Content Globalization Discourage Inflation? Economist Richard Fisher and W.Michael Cox of Dallas Federal Reserve have discovered that â€Å"the more globalized a country is, they tend to pursue policy that achieve faster economic growth, lower inflation, higher income and greater economic freedom† (COX, 2006). Meanwhile countries that are less globalized tend to pursue policies that interfere with the market and will eventually lead the country into stagnation, inflation and diminished competitiveness. Country that are more globalized are able to experience faster economic growth because, they focus mainly on producing good that they are able to produce with a lower cost of production. This mean that all globalized country will be producing more of good that they are producing at a lower cost and produce less of good that they are producing at a higher cost. By doing so, country will experience a surplus of good that they are producing more and shortage of good that they are producing less. Therefore, country will impor t good that they experiencing shortage and exporting good that they are experience a surplus. This specialisation will enable firm to experience a lower average cost or production and consumer to experience a lower price. As the price of good decreases, it means that the inflation rate have decreases. â€Å"The consequent significant additions to world production and trade have clearly put downward pressure on the domestic price† (Greenspan, 2004). How does Globalisation discourage inflation in OECD countries? A research has been conducted on the OECD countries regarding the impact that globalization has on inflation. The research included a sample of 22 OECD countries that consist of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, and the USA. The research uses KOF-index as a measurement of globalization which cover the economics and social and political dimension of globalization as proxies for globalization and simple average inflation as a measurement of inflation (Pehnelt, 2007). The result has shown that (Appendix 1) that as the KOF index increases, the inflation rate has decreases. There are several reasons that have contributed to this negative relationship between inflation and globalization which are the import price effect, global competition effect, labour market effect and so on. The import price effect is one of the factors that has contributed to the result that KOF index and Inflation are negatively related. With globalization, comparative advantage and also economics of scale can be achieved. This is because, integration of low income into the world economy and also the enhancement of division of labour. There is two function of import price in a globalized economy is that it have direct influence over inflation and also can be used to determine the domestic price of good and services. In the particular sector, the downward pressure of import price can influence the domestic inflation by lowering them down. As the import price fall, it will also have a direct impact on the fall in the consumer price which is proportion to the share of import in the actual consumption basket. Since imported good are being used as a substituted for domestic product. Therefore, when imported price decreases, it will eventually cause the overall inflation rate in the country to fall as well. Another reason that affects the KOF index to have a negative effect with inflation is because of the global competition effect. In general global competition refer to the good and services that are being provided by competing companies to serve international customers. With a higher import penetration, OECD countries have experience enhanced competition in their country. When a country has experience an enhanced competition that result from higher import penetration, it will limit the monopoly power of its domestic producer. This causes, domestic producer to be unable to increase the price of good even if the domestic demand increases or even cost of production increases. It means that as country experiencing an economic integration, respective country will be experiencing a higher price elasticity of demand. This causes domestic firm to reduce their mark-up price. Since it is an elastic demand curve, by reducing the mark-up price will induce more customers to purchase the good. This is because, in an elastic demand curve, a percent decrease in price will induce more than a percent increase in the quantity demand in the economic. However, the size of reduction in mark-up price is depending on the intensity of the foreign competition. The more open an economy is , the higher the competitive pressure it put on the domestic producer. Other than that, labour market effect also plays a role in the negative relationship between globalization and also inflation. With the integration of huge developing and newly industrialized countries into the global economy, it has put a downward pressure on the wage rate in OECD countries in certain sector. This is because as more country enters the global world, the supply of labour in the labour market will increase and it wills eventually causes the economy to experience a decrease in the wage rate of worker. With a lower cost of production, it will cause the production of good to be produced at a cheaper cost. Thus, as the cost of production decrease, it mean that price of imported product will decrease. Therefore, it shows that as a country becomes more globalized, the country will experience a fall in product price in certain sector. Globalization Encourage inflation? According to the Globalization Hypothesis (GH), it stated that the internationalization of the good and financial market has led to the increase of the dependence of the national macroeconomics outcome which is inflation rates and business cycle on the international factor (Francesco Bianchi, 2013). Not only that, Economics Ben Bernanke said that When the offsetting effects of globalization on the prices ofmanufactured imports and on energy and commodity prices are considered together, there seems to be little basis for concluding that globalization overall has significantly reduced inflation, said Bernanke. Indeed, the opposite may be true. (Chen, 2007) How Does Globalization Affect China Inflation? In the year 2006, China has experience an increase of 30% in the price level or energy metal and agricultural product. The reason for the raise in the commodity price of good in China is because of the raise in the demand for commodity in the growing of world economy. Not only that, As time goes on , Chinese are becoming more richer and the middle class citizen are growing . This show that the demand for food and food related product will increase. However, the supply of food has fall due to the development of housing and commercial on the arable land. Arable land is land that is suitable for the growing of crops. Thus with arable land being used as a housing area , the supply of food for China has decreases. With globalization, the change in the use of land and also increasing demand could result in a higher structural increase in the food price. Not only that the stagnant of the supply of commodities create an even greater world demand for product and may result in a even higher pr ice increase. As show in the in appendix 2, it indicates that as years pass, the entire commodities price in the world has increases dramatically. Conclusion In conclusion, Globalization may have some impact on inflation. However, there is still having on-going debate that globalization will cause inflation to rise. While other economics supports that globalization may discourage inflation rate to rise. As shown, OECD countries experience a decrease in the inflation rate when they are having a high openness to trade. However country like China have experience an increase in the price of commodity such as oil price and food price when there is globalization. Appendix (1) Appendix (2) Bibliography Braeuninger, D. (2008, Feburary 6). Has Globalization Deepend Inequality. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Yaleglobal Online: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/has-globalization-deepened-inequality Chen, C. T. (2007, 03 3). Bernanke Says Globalization May Push Inflation Higher. Retrieved 04 20, 2014, from Bloomberg: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=ax2XxQsuANu8 COX, R. W. (2006, april 10). Globalizing Good Government. Retrieved april 20, 2014, from The New Yourk Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/opinion/10cox.html?_r=0 Francesco Bianchi, A. C. (2013). Introdcution. Globalization and Inflation: Structural Evidence from a Time, 1. Greenspan, C. A. (2004, May 6). Globalization and innovations. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Federal Reserve Board: http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/200405062/ Kevin H.ORourke, J. G. (2000). Abstract. When did globalization begin ?, ii. Kevin H.ORourke, J. G. (2000). Globalization and World History. When did globalization begin ?, 1-2. Pehnelt, G. (2007). THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION ON INFLATION. Globalisation and Inflation in OECD Countries, 4. T.Harvey, J. (2011, May 30). What Atcually Causes Inflation. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2011/05/30/what-actually-causes-inflation/2/

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Learning Classroom Essays

Educational Philosophy Education is the key to opening many opportunities in ones lifetime. People can learn, grow, and dream through education and its recourses. Many opportunities are because of education and the educational system in America. I have always enjoyed education and going to school. I am interested in chemistry and enjoy working with the science subjects. Chemistry is something that I like to share with others. Children need the guidance and information that education provides. I want to make a difference in a child’s life and show them that a hard subject such as chemistry can still be fun. My classroom is going to be very organized and mostly of a traditional style. The seating should be in rows on one side of the room, closest to the chalkboard, for when working problems or teaching. The other side of the classroom in lines will probably be lab desks and lab equipment. Hopefully there will be a separate room for storage of chemicals and the larger scale equipment. All of my bulletin boards will be covered with information relating to the subject area. Supplemental materials and projects will go hand in hand in studying labs for chemistry. Safety equipment will also be easily accessible from anywhere in the classroom. I feel a teacher should have enough authority in a classroom to be respected but not feared. I feel when teachers intimidate students then they have taken their authority too far. This factor can lead in to discipline and teaching, leadership styles. If a teacher is respected in the classroom then discipline will not be a major problem. As far as teaching and leadership styles I want to be new to the students, like no other teacher they have ever had before. I want them to be as excited about science as I am. I hope to remain traditional as far as standards and values, yet exciting and attention holding as a teacher. Hopefully with the children interested in what they are learning they can be motivated by their own will as well as motivated by their teachers.

History of Arts Notes

WEEK 1 PREHISTORIC Hybrid figure, mammoth ivory, ca. 40,000-28,000 BCE – To make: split dry mammoth tusk, scarpe into shape (using sharp blad) – half human, half animal= human dressed as animal for hunting purpose Bear, Chauvet Cave, ca. 30,000-28,000 BCE – hand paintings, hand silhouettes depict animals – took advantage of walls – eg. bump creates bear's shoulder – discovered in 1994 So-called â€Å"Venus of Willendorf,† limestone, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE – no naturalism- stress fertility emphasizing reproductive features= fertility object Spotted horses and human hands, Pech-Merle Cave, ca. 16,000-15,000 BCE – shamanism- belief in spirit world accessed through alternative states of consciousness – hand dots- can find how many artists painted in one cave – saliva, water, blood- MIXED- applied with brush, finger, moss, chewed stick, feather Rhinoceros, wounded man, and bison, Lascaux Cave, ca. 15,000-13,000 BCE – sense of power – pathetic, no power – powerful Hall of the bulls, Lascaux Cave, ca. 5,000-10,000 BCE – human never lived in Lascaux cave (no objects, remains ; instead; bear bones, torches) – not optical images; instead; COMPOSITE- many details of animal Stonehenge, ca. 2,100 BCE, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England – marked passing of time/seasons – megalith(stone forming prehistoric monument) in circles= CROMLECHS – simple structure= post and lintel Babylonian deed of sale, clay with cuneiform writing, ca. 1,750 BCE – refined pictogram pressed in series of wedge-shaped signs= CUNEIFORM – used for dministrative accounts ; poetry – invention of writing WEEK 2 SUMERIA;EGYPT Remains of the â€Å"White Temple† on its ziggurat, ca. 3500-3000 BCE Uruk, Iraq – Tripartite layout – from 3sides- can see ceremonial ascent of priest ; leaders – stairs- counter clockwise around mound= indirect approach= Mesopotamian temple archietecture Cylinder seal of priest-king feeding sacred sheep, ca. 3300 – cylindrical made of stone with hole running through centre – design carved into surface of seal- when pressed in soft clay= reverse im age unfoldStatues from Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, ca. 2700-2500BCE – maybe worshipers – exaggerated eyes- responding to God’s awe, warding off evil Relief Panel of Hesy-ra, ca. 2660 BC – wooden stele nonnaturalistic – 3000 years of same system of showing body – same composite artificial way of showin g body – SHOWS that it was much more important to follow tradition – instead of realism, point is not that they cannot make naturalistic art – this convention was chosen on purpose Imhotep, Step Pyramid and Necropolis of King Djoser, ca. 681-2662 BCE – made for King Djoser-ruled 2630-2611- king [email  protected] was NECROPOLIS-cemetery -encircling entire complex is rectangular stone wall stretchign over mile in length and 33ft high -DOMINANT FEATURE= STEPPED PYRAMID-oriented to cardinal points of compass – zygarat- elevate temple in mesopotamia- this is not a temple but a grave – this is only image of pa lace meant for eternity – there was a statue of king in center – believed that soul could live in a staute of king – statue enclosed in a room in center with windows and look out rest of complex so king could live eternily – monumental archeitectureRoyal Standard of Ur, ca. 2600 BCE – bottom= charioteers pulled bu oagers. Riding over enemies – middle= prisoners stripped of clothing ; armor are escorted – top= prisoners brought to central figure- head is off canvas – banquet= top= seated for banquet, cups raised to music played by harp – PANELS represent Kingship Prince Rahotep and Nofret, 2580 BCE – carved from limeston- softer than diorite- painted skin tones, hair, garments, jewelry – rahotep is government official and wife is dependent of king- ritualized gesture in full frontality – rigid frontality norm for royal and elite sculpturesPyramids of Menkaure, 2533-2515 BCE, Kafra, 2570-2544 BCE, and Khufu, 2601-2528 BCE, Giza pyramid only a part of necropolis- city of dead – King djoser had a mudbrick palace made of wood, mud brick, reeds – has archeitect which suggest how important buildling is – stones cut precicly so that they can interlock together and create smooth surface – pyramid 440ft tall- 45 stories Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty II, 2515 BCE – carved in one piece with an upright back slab, rigid frontality – almost identical height, left foot forward King is more muscular and half nude and queen draped in thin dress hemmed at ankles= smooth surfaces and high polishestablish appearance of unity – man both arms down and woman arms around man- dependent Seated Scribe, ca 2400 BCE, limestone -frontal, stiff in traditional poses – in earlier society- fat and marks of age could be signs of honour- experience – sallow cheeks, sagging jaw, loose stomach= social status: succeed in career, eats well, relies on s ubordinates to do physical work on his behalf Head of an Akkadian ruler, ca.2250-2200 BCE naram-sin (sargan’s grandson) – stretched Akkadian empires – explited art to reflect and establish power= abstract hair and beard= strong symmetry= contrl and order – damage done maybe by Medes- who invaded Nineveh= gaughe eyes, ears and nose hacked= as if really attacking person Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, ca. 2100 BCE – Mud bricks: clay mixed with vegetable and straw to prevent clay cracking when dry – mud mixture put into wodden frames- knocked out and backed under sun – joined wall with wet clay – not durable so sealed with BITUMEN buttresses= articulate walls= impression of strength, lines= add dynamic energy, 100 steps Stele with the Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1760 BCE – TOP- hammurabi appears in relief- standing with arm raised in greeting before the enthroned sun-god Shamash- god's shoulders emanate sun rays- god ext ends hand, holding rope ring and the measuring rod of kingship= THIS GESTURE unifies scene's composition and purpose of the two leading characters – smaller scale of Hammurabi compared to seated god= â€Å"shepherd† rather than god himselfFemale figurine, 12th-13th dynasties (ca. 1650 BCE), faience – object placed in tombs along with dead – from tomb in Thebes, represents a schematized woman- legs stop at knees, restrict her mobility/ or legs maybe not essential to her function – painted cowrie-shell girdle to emphasize belly and hips, delineate breats and pubic area= function may have been as fertility objects, enhance family continuity – blue-green color of faience associated with fertility, regeneration and goddess hathor Temple of Hatshepsut, ca. 478-1458 BCE – New Kingdom funerary temple= Hatshepsut- female king – crowning pyramid- mastaba and terraces extending into cliff face – ascending white limestone courts, li nked by wide ramps on a central axis – trees lined entrance way and paired sphinxes faced each other Queen Hatshepsut kneeling, ca. 1473-1458 BCE – Hatshepsut kneeling as she makes offering – because kingship is male office, she wears regalia of a male king(kilt, false beard and nemes headdress(striped cloth worn by kings))Akhenaten and his family, 1355 BCE – akhenaten with family- consort Nefertiti and 3 oldest daughters – sun life-giving beams radiate downward with hands at their terminals- reed columns suggest scene is within garden pavilion stocked with wine jars – king and wife sit facing each othe on stools- hold daughters, on laps, in arms, uniting composition with animated gestures- contrast to STATIC quality of scenes of other times – emphasis on daughters’ childishness marks changeAkhenaten, 1353-1335 BCE – break dramatically long-established conventions for depicting royal subjects- different proportions- narr ow shoulders, lacking musculature, marked potbelly, wide hips, generous thighs, large lips, distinctive nose, chin, narrow eyes make face recognizable. Queen Tiy, 1352 BCE Akhenaten’s mother- used dark wood of yes tree with precious metls and semiprecious stones for details – downturned mouth and modeled lines running from sides of nose to mouth= advancing years – initially queen wore gold jewlry and silver headdress decorated with golden cobras= identify her with funerary goddesses Isis and Nepthys – wig embellished with glass beads topped with plumed crown Queen Nefertiti, 1348-1335 BCE – Nefertiti’s bust- plastered over limestone core and painted – left eye not inished- bust remained unfinished but elegance still derives from sculptor’s command of geometry The weighing of the heart and judgment of Osiris The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, 1285 BCE books of dead – instructions on how to escape the great beast and make it through afte rlife – needed to go ceremony and weight their heart with ostrich feather- if free from sin- heart should be lighter than ostrich feather Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, ca. 1279-1213 BCE Ramesses commissioned most architectural projects- including monumental temple – king marked his claim to the land of Kush in Lower Nubia(origin of old, viroy and enimal pelts) – between statues’ legs- small figures represent member of royal family.INTERIOR- colossal figures of Ramesses- 32ft Fugitives crossing a river, ca. 883-859 BCE – walls covered with large scale stone reliefs – narrative images- painted in places for emphasis- glorified king with detailed depictions – archer and two women look on with hands raised NO RELATIVE SCALE, primary purpose of scenes to recount specific enemy conquests Gate of Citadel of Sargon II, with lamassu, 742-706 BCE (photo taken during excavation) – lamassu- great guaridian figures – powerful and terrifying deities to anyone who might enter – embody king's fearful authority- tall horned headdresses, deep-set eyes, powerful muscularity of legs and bodies Reconstruction of Citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, ca. 21-705 BCE – Sargon II had plan for city of Dur Sharrukin where he had royal residence – unexcavated but estimate to cover a square mile – enclosed within an imposing mud-brick wall – 30 court yards- 200 rooms Lion hunt, ca. 645 BCE – king slay lion – way of demonstrating power over beast – EGYPT- royal lion hunts were events that took place in palace grounds – roal attendants released animals from cages into a square formed by troops with shields – ritual symbolic showcasing king's strength and serving as metaphor for military skillsPalette of King Narner, ca. 310-3125 BCE – TOP CENTER: hieroglyphs spell out narmer's name – BESIDE hieroglyphs= cow heads represent sky god dess – LEFT= King Narmer holds enemy by hair and raises mace- sign of kingship – KING- wears white crown of Upper Egypt and belt of kilt hangs tail of bull- symbole of power kings wear as part of ceremonial dress-larger scale establish authority – BOTTOM-enemy stripped of clothing- humiliateion – BEHIND king attendant carries king's sandals RIGHT of Narmer appears falcon holding rope – OTHER SIDE- king wears red crown of LOWER egypt- by sandal carrier and long-hared figure= FOLOWS FOUR people holding something to inspect bodies of prisoners with their heads between their legs – CENTRAL register= 2 animals roped by male figure- twist long necks to frame a circle in composition – symmetrical, balanced= ma'at – LOWER- bull rep. king attack city and tramples down enemy – COMMUNICATE BY!!!! ombine several diff types of signs on one object – some literal representations and symbolic representations- bull=strength â€⠀œ MESSAGE: king embodied unified UPPER and LOWER EGYPT- though human, he occupied divine office shown by placement of name in sky WEEK 3 GREEK Amphora with meander pattern and funeral, ca. 750 BCE – vase from cemetery- known as Dipylon Vase- one of a group of large vessels Athenians used as funerary markers over burials- holes in its base allowed mourners to pour liquid offerings during funerary rituals- ashes of dead inside vases placedBlack-figured amphora Exekias, Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice, ca. 540-530 BCE – black-figured technique- painted design in black silhouette against reddish clay- incised details into design with needls, painted white and purple over black to make chosen areas stand out – Athenian amphora- signed by Exekias- both potter and painter- painting shows Homeric heroes Achilles and Ajax playing dice- episode not exist in surviving literary sources- two figures lean on their spears; shields stacked behind them – black silhouettes create rhythmical composition, symmetrical around table in centerKouros, ca. 540-525 BCE (means youth) – male- slim, broad-shouldered, left leg forward, arms by side, clenched fists, shoulders, hips and knees are level Kore, ca. 530 BCE (wearing a peplos) (means maiden) – female- -BOTH HAVE stylized wig-like hair, show techniques and proportional systems used by Egyptian sculptors- rigid, frontal, four distinct sides, no backslab, (GREEK: space between forms, public nudity acceptable for males/not females. EGYPT: figures embedded in stone. forced nudity on slaves) Red-figured amphora: Euthymides, Dancing revelers, ca. 510-500 BCE – black-fig. imit artist to incision for detail- develop red-figured tech- scence not dependent on profiles- freedom with brush translates into freedom of movement in dancing- range of poses, twisting bodies, age of intensive and self-conscious experimentation Red-figured kylix (wine cup) Douris painter, Eos and Memnon, ca.490-480 BCE – Eos, goddess of dawn lifts limp body of her dead son, Memnon whom Achilles killed- Douris(maker)- traces contours of limbs beneath drapery and balances vigorous outlines with more delicate strokes- dead weight of memnon’s body contrats with lift of Eos’ wings Kritios Boy’, ca. 480 BCE (marble) – contrapposto – weight shifted creating asymmetry in two sides of his body. Knee of forward leg is lower than the other, right hip is thrust down and in, left hip up and out, axis of body not straight vertical line, reversed S-curve – stands at ease- CHIASTIC POSE (balanced asymmetry of relaxed natural stance) – muscles suggest motion Temple of Hera II at Paestum, ca. 460 BCE building made of DORIC order simple capital, no base, columns sit directl on step platform – columns look massive, little space between them – archeitects worried about rooms falling down Zeus or Poseidon, ca. 460-450 BCE, bronze – nude bronze from sea near Greek coast- 7ft tall- depicts spread-eagled male figure in act of throwing- Zeus casting thunderbolt or Poseidon throwing his trident. -sculptor catures and contrasts vigorous action and firm stability- express god’s awe-inspiring power.Shows artist’s understand of bodies in motion and also knowledge of strength of bronze= allow god’s arms to stretch out without support. Warrior, ca. 450 BCE, found in the sea off of Riace, Italy – over-life-size figure found in sea near Riace- used lost-wax technique- not just cutting away stone- artist build clay model- where marble absorb light, bronze surface reflect= explore surface texture for hair and skin Roman copy after a bronze original by Myron, Diskobolos, ca. 50 BCE – bronze, Myron condensed a sequence of movements into single pose, achieved through violent twist of torso that brings the arms into same place as legs -Pose conveys essence of action by presenting coiled figure in perfect balance Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, 447-432 BCE – building made when athens was at war- created by money in military- dominant temple on Akropolis- Perikles conceived it to play focal role in cult of Athena- chief center of cult practice remained on Erechtheion(north f Parthenon)- built of gleaming white marble- Architects Iktinor and Kallikrates – OCTASTYLE(eight-column arrangement)- continuous sculpted frieze runs around all sides in variation of Ionic style- depicts procession moving from west-east- horsemen jostle with musicians,water carriers, sacrificial beasts- figures overlap to create illusion of crowd- encircling colonnade gave impression that visitor can approach temple from all sides.– appears less massive than TEMPLE OF HERA II at PAESTUM= columns more slender, capitals smaller and less flaring-cornice projects less. East freize of the Parthenon, ca. 440 BCE part of festival held to honor Athena- exalts mortal Greeks by deicting them in spac e reserved for divine and mythological scenes. – cloth is a new robe for Athena(woven by Athenian girls and depicting Athen’as triumph against giants in gigantomachy) Model of Pheidias, Athena Parthenos, ca. 438 BCE – enormous statue of Athena by sculptor PHEIDIAS- stood with one hand supporting a personification of Victory, and shield resting against her side. Figure out of ivory and gold(combo known as CHRYSTELEPHANTINE)- supported by wooden armature- valuable Three goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon, ca. 38-432 BCE – Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite (recent, Leto, Artemis, Aphrodite)- pediment figures embedded in building- forms are strong and solid- masterpiece of swirling drapery, garments cling to bodies beneath as if wet- drapery not follow lines of body- there is twisting around legs(struggle with them) Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 BCE, Akropolis, Athens (ionic order) – has a bas- thinner columns- taller- fluting on columns is like womens robe or skirt- base is like shoes- more feminin and elegant- tiny temple of athena nike- godess of wisdom and war- nike= VictoriaAkropolis, Athens, 421-405 BCE – dedicated to goddess Athena Erechtheion, 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens – Mnesikles’ project-architext had to deal with difficult terrain- built to serve several religious functions- included four rooms and basement on western side- two porches attached to its flanks- one dedicated to Poseidon face north and is main entrance- smaller one juts out toward ParthenonErechtheion, Porch of the Maidens 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens – 6 caryatids of columns support roof- represent women of Caryae (city-state in Peloponnese that formed alliance with Persians in Persian wars)- when war over, Greeks took women as slaves- architects THUS designed images of these women to bear the burden of their state’s dishonor in perpetuity Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike, ca. 10- 407 BCE – Nike taking off sandles-about to step on holy ground-wings keep her stable so she performs awkward act with elegance and ease- Pheidian style evident in deeply cut folds of her â€Å"wet look† garments clinging to her body and fall in deep swags between her legs. Grave stele of Hegeso, ca. 410-400 BCE – Pheidian style recognizable in drapery and also in smooth planes of faces- delicacy of carving clear in forms fathest away from viewer- servant’s left arm, veil behind Hegeso’s right hsoulder= relief merges with background strengthening illusion that background is empty space rather than solid surface.Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos original from ca. 340-330 BCE – first nude monumental statue of godess in Greek world- about to bathe, or rising from bath- right hand, she covers nudity in gesture of modesty, grasping for robe with her left- head slightly turned so does not engage viewer’s gaze di rectly Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Hermes and the infant Dionysius original from ca. 320-310 BCE – Hermes holding infant Dionysos- sandals=roman in style- chiastic pose is exaggerated and creates fuly relaxed curve of torso- youthful more than athleticWEEK 4 ROMAN & ITALY Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE – Republican practice of commissioning narrative reliefs to record specific events- reliefs mounted on public buildings and monuments(ara pacias augustae) Imperial procession, Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE below: Parthenon frieze, ca. 440 BCE – inclusion of women and small children= denote importance of dynasty as well as referring to moral legislation Augustus enacted to promote child-birth among the elite. Roman copies of a Greek original by Lysippos, Portrait of Alexander the Great, original late 4th C.BCE – to have idealized quality- planes are smooth especially around brow and individuality emerge in unruly hair, raised at fron (cowlick) a nd twist of head- does not engage with a viewer- has distant gaze The Abduction of Persephone, wall painting in Tomb 1, Vergina, ca. 340-330 BCE – from small tomb at Vergina- subject=abduction of Persephone- appropriate to funeral setting-Pluto-carries away Persephone to be queen-pluto seizes Persephone into speeding chariot-her handmaiden rearing back in fright The Battle of Alexander and the Persians mosaic copy of ca. 00 BCE of a Hellenistic painting of ca. 315 BCE – roman copies of Greek wall painting- may be copy of Philoxenos’ painting- depicts Darius and the fleeing Persians on right and damaged left-hand portiong depict figure of Alexander- mosaic- follows four—color scheme(yellow,red,black,white)- widely used in late 4th century Portrait, called â€Å"Brutus,† ca. 300 BCE rome- develop upon greek style-form art that became popular in this period= REALISTIC PORTRAIT lips thin, lips one over the other, overbite= similar notion of greek empha sis on individual = maybe a republican ideal, showing elf as god, flaws, suggest philosophical stance Epigonos of Pergamon (? ), Dying Gaul trumpeter, perhaps a Roman copy of a bronze original of ca.230-220 BCE – found in Sanctuary of Athena on Akropolis of Pergamon- sculptor identifies enemy as Gaul through his bushy hair and moustache and by torque around his neck(braided gold band)- dies sinking quietly to ground/struggling to prop imself up as blood pours from wound in chest. Drunken old woman and market woman, Roman copies of originals of ca. 00 BCE – depict unidealized and realistic everyday life- genre=Hellenistic realism- Roman- crouches on ground, clasping wine bottle, head flung far back-wrinkles cover face, skin on her exposed shoulder and chest sags with age- wears buckled tunic= identify as member of wealthy social class- (other sculptures of this kind focus on rustic life on poor) Nike of Samothrace, ca. 190 BCE – celebrates naval victories-nike-me ans victory- of Eudamos- Rhodian marble of sculpture’s base suggest sculpture comes from Rhodes.Victory goddess seems to be landing on prow of ship as if to bestow crown of victory upon Eudamos- maybe about to take flight, massive wings soar out behind her, wings make statue appear weightless despite mass of stone- neither leg holds the body’s full weight. Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE – Eumenes II or Attalos II built it to commemorate territorial victories over Pontos and Bithynia and establishment of a grand victory festival(Nikephoria). Altar stood high on a podium with large rectangular encloser defined by Ionic colonnade. wide staircase at fron provided access. Stood on Pergamene Akropolis- reconstructed in Berlin-frieze encircle base-extends 400ft in length and 7ft in height-subject is battle of Gods and Giants Athena and the giants, from the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE – muscular bodies rush at each other, overlapping, entwining, wings beat and barments blow in wind or twist around those they robe, texture contrasts with smoothness of giants’ flesh. -giants’ emotion – agonize in torment of defeat- brows creased in painSanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste, early 1st C. BCE -in italy- made to celebrate military victory of sola- oracular center where priests interpreted divine will- architec used concrete to mold structures over entire surface of hillside and to craft spaces- sanctuary ascend in 7 levels- BOTTOM=basilica&senate house- UPPOER TERRACE=rose in grand crescendo-4TH=colonnaded exedrae framed altars Wall paintings from the villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, mid 1st.Century BCE – second style- employed architectural vistas to open wall into a fantasy realm suggest another world beyond room Portrait of a man, early 1st century BCE – wrinkles cover face, etching deep crags into cheeks and brows- depicted distinguis hing marks=warts,hooked nose, receding hairline Temple of Portunus, Rome, ca. 80-70 BCE – borrow Greek forms- in Italic style- stands on podium and engaged lateral columns emphasize frontal approach- Ionic coluns have slender proportions of Classical Greek temples Scenes of Dionysiac mystery cult, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompei, ca. 0-50 BCE – 1st of MAU’S FOUR STYLES OF PAINTING-(4 styles of roman wall painting=: used paint and stucco to imitate expensive colored marble paneling- lower part of walla(the dado) and upper section above the cornice level are painted in rich mottled colors to resemble exotic stoneWall painting of a garden, Villa of Livia at Primaporta, ca. 20 BCE fresco -dining room- painted on all of the walls and ceiling so it looks like you are in a garden- frescos on all sides- light hitting different kinds of leaves- birds- leaves move in the wind- moving sensation Augustus of Primaporta, possibly a later copy of an original of ca. 0 CE  œ depicted as ageless youth- appears in battledress with arm raised in gesture of address- – romans clothe sculptures, relaxed gesture- armor- pictures of his family, battles- represent life in armor- showing status- romans show specificperson- more political purpose, leading war with hand, armor, heigh preist, leader-CUPID=rides dolphin- acts as strut to strengthen marble- dolphin eoked sea Wall paintings, Ixion room, House of the Vettii, Pompei, 63-79 CE – fourth style- united aspects of all three preceding styles tocreate extravagant effect- combine imitationmarble paneling, framed mythological scenes resembling panel pictures set into wall Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompei, 2nd century BCE-79 CE – eilte Roman house-distinct feature=atrium-square of oblong central hall lit by opening in roof with shallow pool(impluvium) in ground to collect rainwater-airy quality=grandeur upon house, romans kept portraits of ancestorsWEEK 5ROMAN & BYZANTINE Icon of th e Madonna Enthroned, late 13th c. CE, tempera Interior, Cathedral of Monreale, Italy, 1180-1190 CE Interior, St. Mark’s, Venice, begun 1063 CE Dome with mosaic of the Pantocrator, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Crucifixion, mosaic, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Emperor Justinian and his attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Empress Theodora and her attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (previously Constantinople), 532-7 CE San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CE Interior, San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CEIcon of Christ, 6th c. CE, encaustic Iconoclasm Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE Good Shepherd, mosaic, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE The Good Shepherd and Stories of Jonah, 4th c. CE Catacomb of Ss. Pietro e Marcellino, Rome Constantine the Great, early 4th century CE – large and deeply carved eyes- see something beyond t his world-soft modeling to cheeks and mouth-more natural than tetrach-full cap of hair and absense of beard it reference to Trajan and Augustus Santa Costanza, Rome, ca. 350 CE Interior of Old St. Peter’s, Rome, built 324-400 CE (drawing by Jacopo Grimaldi, 1619) – Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE people of rome dedicated triple-bayed arch to Constantine near colosseum to celebrate 10 year anniversary- largest imperial arches- little of sculptural relief on its surface was specifically designed for this monument- – free-standing Dacian capties on attic originated in Trajan’s Forum as did Trajanic Frieze on ends of attic and inside central bay- Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE detail of Hadrianic rondels and Constantinian relief Constantine addressing a crowd, Arch of Constantine, 312-15 CE – figures crowd the scene- heads are disproportionatel large- bodies stocky- poses unnaturally rigid- lines cared on flat surface render anatomical details- second row of heards arranged above first indicates recession- The Tetrarchs, 305 CE, porphyry during tetrachy-portraiture took radically abstract quality- two porphyry sculptural groups mounted on columns- each group shows two tetrachs in elaborate military dress with bird-headed sword hilts and flat pannonian caps=represent powerful Illyrian officer class-proportions are squat and nonnaturalistic, facial features abstract rather than individualized.=portrait suggest authority resides in office of emperor not in who holds office. =sameness of portraits underlines the tetrachs equality-porphyry-hard Egyptian stone reserved for imperial use Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, 130-138 CE – emperor built magnificient residence for self- built on site of Republican villa- villa’s form follo natural line of landscape but massive earthworks rearranged terrain to accommodate architecture – water is a common feature- in pools, running channels=adding sound,motion,reflecting light, offering coolness in summer heat-canal has been known as CANOPUS Pantheon, Rome, 117-125 CE Augustus’ right-han dman=Agrippa built first Pantheon-name intended it as temple to gods- fire destroyed this temple and Domitian built reconstruction- Pantheon now work of Trajan’s architect=APOLLODORUS- completed in Hadrian’s reign-In roman times pantheon stood raised on a podium at south end of large rectangular court-octastyle facade- dome pierced with 27ft hole(OCULUS open to sky)- 143ft(total interior height is also dome’s diameter=sphere=eternity and perfection Trajan’s Column, Rome, 106-113 CE (height 38 m) – support gilded statue of emperor- winding through interior of shaft is a spiral staircase leading to a viewing platform- credited as work of Apollodorus-role as velvedere(viewing station) Titus riding in triumph, Arch of Titus, 81 CE rides triumphal chariot, high above a teeming crowd- horses appear in profile but chariot is front al=illusion that procession is approaching viwer before turning sharply- behind emperor-personification of victory crowns him for his success Procession of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 81 CE – soldiers carry booty through the streets including seven-branched menorah and other sacred furniture looted from Temple- panel marks important move toward spatial illusionism Colosseum, Rome, 72-80 CE – held over 50 000 spectators-concrete-faced with travertine- 80 arched entrances led into building framed with tuscan columns- second story, Ionic columns framed second set of arches, third engaged Corinthian columns. WEEK 6Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, 1569-74, Edirne, Turkey Sultan-Muhammed, Allegory of Heavenly and Earthly Drunkenness, from a manuscript of the Divan of Hafiz, 1529 Detail of a carpet from Iran, ca. 1575-1600 Behzad, Poor man refused admittance to a mosque, from a manuscript of the Bostan of Sa’di, 1486 CE Court of the Lions, Alhambra, 1 4th c. CE, Granada, Spain Dome, Hall of the Abencerrajes, Alhambra, 14th c. CE, Granada, Spain Cloak of Roger II of Sicily, 12th c. CE The Temptation and Fall, Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Cathedral, ca. 1015 CE Detail of qibla wall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 10th c. CE Interior of Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 8th-10th c.CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, 816-835 CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne, ca. 800-810 CE Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler, 9th C Kufic script from a Qu’ran, 9th c. Chi Rho Iota Page, Book of Kells, ca. 800 CE St. Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Cross Page, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 and later Interior, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 CE and later Belt buckle, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Purse cover, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Clasp, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE

Grapvine Communication

INTRODUCTION Grapevine communication is the informal communication network within an organization. Grapevine is used to spread information bypassing the formal communication structure. Just like the grapevine plant: it spreads in random ways and it goes where it can. It is formed by individuals and groups in an organization. The people in the groups have something in common that links them together. A person can belong to one or more groups. A grapevine communication is a form of informal communication by which people communicates each other without any formal line of communication.It’s called Grapevine because like that of a grape vine it’s impossible to find the origin of information which results in spread of rumours. Grapevine communication is a form of informal business communication, which develops within an organization. It means gossip, usually gossip that spreads and covers a lot of ground (a lot of people), much like vines do. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first we desir e to express our deepest sense of gratitude of almighty Allah. We are thankful to our University (Leading University, Sylhet) and the respective authorities for providing us an opportunity to take our BBA program.With profound regard we gratefully acknowledge our respected course teacher Md. Shamimul Islam for his generous help and day to day suggestion during preparation of the assignment. He is so much an inspiration and guidance to us that we are, short of words in expression our gratitude. We like to give thanks especially to our friends and many individuals, for their enthusiastic encouragements and help during the preparation of this assignment by sharing ideas regarding this subject and for their assistance in typing and proof reading this manuscript.And finally, we thank to all of our group members as they all were serious and prolific towards making this assignment. Once more time to Sir, we owe more than we can mention†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦mostly for teaching us to see the silver lining in every hard work. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY We have prepared this assignment to know about the grapevine, it’s positive and negative impact. Actually what the grapevine is and what are the impact of grapevine in any organization. We mainly tried to find out whether grapevine is helpful or it is harmful for the organization’s progress. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDYIn this assignment we have collected different information from both primary and secondary sources of information. We collected different data from different books but mainly by browsing internet (secondary source). We paid more attention to secondary source to collect updated information. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY In this assignment we tried to find the effect of grapevine in the organization but didn’t get enough information on this topic. Because of the scarcity of information from primary sources we have to depend on secondary sources. DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC DefinitionIn the word of Keith Davis, à ¢â‚¬Å"Grapevine is basically a channel of horizontal communication, for its only people working at the same level of hierarchy who can informally communicate with one another with perfect ease. † Formal vs. Informal Channels of Communication Every organization has a formal communication system. This formal system provides information regarding the organization to the employees through different media. The formal network, made up of memos, reports, staff-meetings, department meetings, conferences, company newsletters, official notices, is highly documented and as such has very little chance for change.However, nearly all of the information within the grapevine is undocumented and is thereby open to change and interpretation as it moves through the network. â€Å"The informal organization is less permanent and less stable because its leaders and patterns of action change readily. † This occurs because of the dependency of the network on personalities, whereas the formal n etwork is set up through structured policies nondependent on individuals. The grapevine is flexible and personal and can spread information faster than the formal communication channels.The grapevine is also capable of penetrating even the tightest security because it cuts across organizational lines and deals directly with people in the know. Bosses who chose not to pay attention to the grapevine have 50% less credible information than those who do. It exists because of excessive structuring of formal work flows and the excessive channeling of information flows. It is fed by personal apprehension, wish fulfillment, retaliation, and gossip. Surprisingly, most researchers have found that most grapevine information is either true or has within it a kernel of truth.How Accurate is the Grapevine Allport and Postman's research indicated that â€Å"most rumors start as a report of an actual episode – that is to say, with someone's perceptual experience of an event which he deems o f sufficient interest and importance to communicate to others. Once this central theme, the actual episode, has been accepted there is a tendency to distort subsequent news or events in order to make them consistent with the central theme. However, Keith Davis reports from his research â€Å"that in normal business situations between 75 percent and 95 percent of grapevine information is correct. In general people tend to think the grapevine is less accurate than it is because its errors tend to be more dramatic and consequently are more impressed on one's memory than its day-to-day routine accuracy. In a normal work situation, upwards of 80% of the information that comes over the grapevine is accurate. While the day-to-day accuracy may be good, people believe the grapevine is less accurate because the times it is wrong are more dramatic. A communication may be 90% correct in details but that last 10% is often the most important part of the message.Messages from the grapevine are of ten lacking in all the details so that the message is subject to misinterpretation; while the grapevine generally carries the truth it seldom carries the whole truth. An interesting note about the informal communications network is that an estimated 80% of grapevine information is oriented toward the individual while 20% concerns the company. Allport and Postman discuss, in their book, the changes that occur as a rumor passes along the grapevine. The central theme may be resistant to change, however crucial details necessary for understanding the true situation keep being deleted.At the same time the most dramatic details keep being exaggerated each time the rumor is repeated. So as the rumor moves along it begins to appear as some sort of shrinking missile as it keeps getting shorter and more pointed in flight. This may sound very simple, however we should remember that â€Å"the grapevine is fast-paced and generally moves, free of organizational restraints, by word of mouth. â₠¬  Factors Affecting Grapevine's Operation Several additional factors affect the operation of the grapevine. (1) In wartime, the conditions for rumor are optimal.Military events are of the greatest importance. (2) The greater the homogeneity of the organization, the better the grapevine will operate. (3) Rumors prosper best where formal communication is poor. They thrive in an environment where employees are not kept informed about anything that may be important to them. (4) They perform best in informal social contacts but can operate as effectively as a sideline to official meetings. In a poorly managed organization they can chip away at morale and fuel anxiety, conflict, and misunderstanding. 5) People start and spread rumors to enhance their status, fill gaps in social conversations, and avoid suspense over suspected events. This activity increases during times of stress, uncertainty, and in the absence of news. Frederick Koenig, a sociologist who studies rumors, believes that people listen to and pass a rumor because it satisfies some need. This is why the nature of people involved is important. Different people have different needs and rumors†¦ a) may circulate because they are interesting or a source of diversion.The valve can be the content of the message or the state of the group. b) can pull together events and fill in the gaps to make sense and provide explanations for what is going on. c) can validate and support a point of view d) reconcile one's psychological state with what one sees as actually going on. e) are a means of getting attention. f) are a way of manipulating situations. The idea of some person or group deliberately starting a rumor to serve selfish ends is frequently suggested. Types of Grapevine Rumors can be divided into four categories.The categories are- 1. Wish fulfillment rumors 2. Bogey rumor 3. Wedge drivers rumors 4. Home stretchers rumors Wish fulfillment rumor These express the wishes and hopes of those who circulate rumors and these are the most positive and they help to stimulate the creativity of others. often solutions to work problems are a result of employees verbally expressing desire for changes. These improvements sometimes result in increased efficiency for certain departments within the organization. Even though the tone is positive they still represent employee concerns. Bogey rumorBogey rumor comes from employees' fears and anxieties causing general uneasiness among employees such as during budget crunch. In this case, employees will verbally express their fears to others. These rumors are sometimes damaging, such as a rumor about possible lay-offs, and need a formal rebuttal from management. Wedge Drivers rumor Wedge Drivers divide groups and destroy loyalties. They are motivated by aggression or even hatred. They are divisive and very negative rumors. They tend to be demeaning to a company or individual and can cause damage to the reputation of others.A wedge driver rumor may be s omeone at x Company saying that v Company serves worms in their hamburgers; or in another context, a school-age child telling friends that another child has AIDS, or some other tale, like â€Å"Louise, the office manager, was seen the other day alone with that young new accountant. They were in a car together leaving Motel Six. † or one may spread the word that â€Å"Mary got the promotion because she is sleeping with the boss. † Women are more likely to be attacked with the sexual gossip. Home stretchers rumorThese are anticipatory rumors. These rumors occur after employees have been waiting a long time for an announcement. There may be just one final thing necessary to complete the puzzle and this in effect enhances the ambiguity of the situation. Now we will look at how the message is spread and those who participate. How is the message spread Within the organization communication chains exist. The chain used by formal communication may be very rigid, following the chain of command or authority. However, the chain used by the grapevine tends to be very flexible.Four different chains/structures appear to dominate the grapevine network according to Keith Davis are: 1. Single Strand Chain 2. Gossip Chain 3. Probability Chain 4. Cluster Chain Single Strand Chain This is a simple concept to follow, A tells B, who tells C, who tells D and so on. Each person passes the information on to the next person. The longer the strand the more distortion and filtering affects the information being passed until the last person in the chain may find the information unrecognizable from the original message. Most inaccuracies occur in this chain. Gossip ChainIn this illustration A simply tells everyone with whom they come in contact. This pattern is considered to be somewhat slow in moving the information. Probability Chain In this case A makes random contact with say F and C and passes on the information. They in turn randomly contact others in accordance with la ws of probability. Some hear the information and some don't. In this structure, there is no definite pattern of communication. Information is randomly passed along to anyone willing to listen. They type of person who communicates in this manner might be a very outgoing and talkative type of individual.Cluster Chain Here A tells contacts, B and F, who may work with A. They may tell two or three other persons with whom they usually have close contact. Most predominant pattern is the cluster pattern. Selectivity is the basis for this pattern. In any organization, individuals will generally feel more comfortable with some fellow employees than with others and therefore only relay information to those in their informal social groups. This flow pattern results in information missing some individuals completely. Roles of the ParticipantsIn addition to identifying certain structured patterns, research has also given us some other facts and descriptions, It has been discovered that only 10% of all the individuals in an organization are highly active participants in the grapevine. The types of individuals relative to rumors, have been identified. The three are- 1. Bridger 2. Bagger 3. Bearer Most employees fall into one of the three basic categories as they relate to the grapevine. Bridger Bridger’s receive and pass information to others. These people are the ones primarily responsible for the success of the grapevine.Bridger’s are the passers-along; the liaisons of rumors, also called KC's, as explained by Sutton. â€Å"Key Communicator† is the term that is given to this type of individual who is responsible for initially sending information into various networks. Baggers Baggers hear rumors but do not pass them along or fail to tell others. They are called â€Å"dead-enders. † They receive information but do not pass it on or only pass it on to one or maybe two other dead-enders. Bearer Bearers are not privy to any information, do not hear the information and thus cannot pass along, a rumor.They tend to be outside the grapevine. They neither hear nor pass along the information. Each type of individual can easily be identified in the communication mains previously illustrated. It should also be noted that people are more active on the grapevine when their friends and colleagues are actively involved. After all that has been said about the grapevine the next questions that arise are: What should the company managers do about the grapevine? Is it good or bad? Should the managers participate? How do we manage the grapevine? Management's Response to the GrapevineThe key thing to remember is that the grapevine exists, William A. Delaney reminds us of this when he says the â€Å"grapevine exists, always has and always will, and you can't stop it. † So managers should accept the fact and decide how they can use it to their own benefit. Vanessa Arnold contends that â€Å"Managers interested in creating effective organi zational communication will use information from the grapevine to improve communication throughout the firm. † The real value of the grapevine should be in revealing to management those issues that generate from the grass roots.As Donald Thompson said â€Å"its usefulness is seldom acknowledged, its voice often muffled, its insights ignored. † Should Managers Participate In many cases lower and middle managers are already active participants. They hold strategic positions in the communication channel because they filter and block two-way communication between higher management and operating employees. Managers basically have three options when it comes to their participation in the grapevine: 1. Ignore the grapevine, be no part of it. This is difficult in most organizations, but can be accomplished.They do their job and let it operate unnoticed around them. In effect they become an â€Å"isolate. † 2. Participate only when it serves their purpose. In this case th ey may seek out the grapevine and tap it to learn what is being said concerning a specific situation or issue. 3. Become an active and full-time participant. Managing the Grapevine Since the grapevine cannot be held responsible for errors and is somewhat of an unknown, managers sometimes succumb to the wish that it will go away; but we have learned from experience and research that â€Å"homicide† will not work with the grapevine.It cannot be abolished, rubbed out, hidden under a basket, chopped down, tied up, or stopped. If we suppress it in one place it will pop up in another. If we cut off one of its sources, it merely moves to another one†¦ It is as hard to kill as the mythical glass snake, that, when struck, broke itself into fragments and grew a new snake out of each piece. In a sense, the grapevine is a human birthright, because whenever people congregate into groups, the grapevine is sure to develop. It may use smoke signals, jungle tom-tome, taps on a prison wal l, ordinary conversation, or some other method, but it will always be there.Organizations cannot â€Å"fire† the grapevine because they did not hire it. It is simply there. Management Options Internal rumors are generally managed differently than external rumors if for no other reason than management of a company has more control over internal formal communication than over information sent out to the external environment. Since grapevine activity increases during times of uncertainty, management must provide information through the formal system of communication about key issues and events that affect employees.Management should supply employees with a steady flow of accurate, timely information; in this way, the potential damage caused by the grapevine can be minimized. Any attempt to soften or distort a rumor to make things look good is not a good way to deal with the rumor. The longer a rumor circulates the more difficult it is to control. Facts should be released quickly . The grapevine can be controlled with prompt, clear, and accurate information on the issues important to the employees. Full facts must be presented. Formal communication lines must be kept open and the process as short as possible.Direct memos, large group announcements, and intercom systems should be used. If employees perceive management is giving them the facts, they will be less anxious and less emotional when rumors are heard. Although the preferred management option is prevention, this never works 100% of the time. In other words, there will be negative rumors and if one wants to manage them, one ought to be prepared. So when prevention doesn't work, and it won't, what can one do? Two methods are suggested. First, a four-step method, and second, a disciplined three-phase management program, Generally, in the four-step method, four steps are suggested: 1.Seek to keep employees informed about what is going on. A formal company newsletter always seems to help. 2. Heed rumors. L isten to what is being said that is 80% true. What other information source is so highly credible? 3. Act promptly. Rumors are more difficult to correct over time because they â€Å"harden†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe details become consistent and the information becomes publicly accepted, 4. Conduct a training program for employees on the nature of rumors. Advantages of Grapevine Communication Grapevine communication creates a social bond where none existed.People like to talk to one another; whether they talk about work or family, or anything. Teams become more cohesive when members talk to one another outside of the project or assignment they may be working on. Informal communication lends itself to bonding. The grapevine fills in a gap that is left when official information is missing, especially in chaotic or changing times. Even in organizations where management is very proactive about communicating change and keeping employees informed, the grapevine helps to fill in the blanks.The gra pevine in many ways helps keep people honest; it can dissuade people from engaging on behavior that they don’t want others to know about. This is a two edge sword. On one hand, people will think twice about taking what they know is a wrong course of action. On the other hand, they may also think twice about taking a necessary risk and doing the right thing, fearful those appearances that may give rise to rumors. Disadvantages of Grapevine Communication There are some intrinsic dangers in bypassing the organizational channels to get to the facts of the matter.The main danger is that much of the information that gets spread through the grapevine is not verified. Some of the information is likely false and difficult, if not impossible, to verify. We discount information when the source is a known gossiper. But not completely†¦ Even when the source is someone known to spread rumors, we believe that where there's smoke†¦ Since we don’t know what part is fire and w hat smoke is, we accept the whole rumor. To justify our participation in spreading the rumor, we tell ourselves that part of it must be true.The main reason why we give credence to a rumor is that it seems to match what we think about the situation or person that the rumor is about. We also tend to believe the person sharing the rumor with us. Another main disadvantage of grapevine communication is that it's often used to spread more than rumors; it's used to spread gossip. The terms rumors and gossip are used sometimes interchangeably, but rumors are not quite the same as gossip. Both are pieces of information that can't be verified, but rumors tend to affect organizations or groups of people, while gossip refers to more personal matters.When gossip is being spread through the grapevine, people's reputations, careers, and lives can get destroyed very rapidly. FINDINGS While preparing our assignment we have to study a lot on this topic. From all our experience we gathered, we can co me to an end that, certain situations like insecurity of service, uncertainty over promotions, special increments to a particular employee, certain innovations in the organization likely to affect the job prospects of the employees are sure to activate the leaders of the grapevine so that very soon all kinds of rumors have spread in the organization.Whether grapevine is sour or sweet is depends on its impact on the organization. If it works for the organization to increase its quality it will be sweet. For this we will have to use grapevine efficiently. On the other hand, if it works against the organizations purpose it will be considered as sour. SUGGESTION From our study we can suggest that, to use grapevine efficiently we should follow the following ways: 1. The managers should try to spot the leaders. They should try to find out the people who are more active on the grapevine and keep them well informed so that harmful rumors do not reach the employees. . The grapevine should be used to feel the pulse of the employees. 3. If there is any false rumor, the management should immediately use the official channels to contradict and to dispel the fears of the employees. 4. Involve the workers in the decision-making process. CONCLUSION The grapevine is basically a channel of horizontal communication, for it is only people working at the same level of hierarchy who can informally communicate with one another with perfect ease.Thus the workers may have one grapevine and the first line supervisors another. But the fact is that the grapevine does not follow any set pattern and it can be effective horizontally, vertically and even diagonally. REFERENCE Secondary Source 1. Essentials of Business Communication, by: Rajendra Pal & J. S. Korlahalli 2. Business communication (Theory and Application), by: M. Omar Ali 3. www. definitions. net/definition/grapevine. 4. http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/grapevine.

Memorable Quotes From Lord of the Flies

Memorable Quotes From 'Lord of the Flies' The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, was first published in 1954 and became instantly controversial. The twisted coming-of-age story tells the tale of a group of schoolboys stranded on a desert island after a plane crash. Its by far Goldings best-known work. As the boys struggle to survive, they devolve into violence. This book is a commentary on human nature that shows mankinds darkest undertones. The novel is now sometimes considered something of a companion piece to J.D. Salingers coming-of-age story The Catcher in the Rye. The two works can be viewed as flip sides of the same coin. Both books have themes of isolation, with peer pressure and loss featuring heavily in their plots. The Lord of the Flies is one of the most-read and most popular books for high school and college students studying youth culture and its influences. Piggys Role Concerned with order and doing things in a civilized way, Piggy is doomed early on in the story. He tries to help keep order and grows distressed when the boys cant even manage the basic task of building a fire.   Chapter 1 They used to call me Piggy! Before this statement, Piggy tells Ralph  I dont care what they call me...so long as they dont call me what they used to call me in school. The reader might not realize it yet, but this does not bode well for poor Piggy. His weakness has been identified and when Jack breaks his glasses soon after, readers have  already started to suspect that Piggys life is in danger. Ralph and Jack Battle for Control Chapter 2 Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are best at everything. This is a central point of The Lord of the Flies, and is Goldings strongest commentary about both the necessity and the futility of trying to impose a structure on a world inhabited by people with base instincts. Jack, who later becomes the leader of the savage group of boys, cant conceive of a world without British dominance.   Chapter 4 He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. This description of Jack in chapter 4 shows the beginning of the tendency toward savagery. Its a truly disturbing scene and sets the stage for the brutality thats coming next.   Chapter 5 All this I meant to say. Now Ive said it. You voted me for chief. Now you do what I say. Ralph still has some semblance of control as the groups leader at this point, with the rules still somewhat intact. But the foreboding here is clear, and its obvious to the reader that the fabric of their little society is about to tear.   And you shut up! Who are you, anyway? Sitting there telling people what to do. You cant hunt, you cant sing... Im chief. I was chosen. Why should choosing make any difference? Just giving orders that dont make any sense... This exchange between Ralph and Jack shows the larger dilemma of earned power and authority versus power that is bestowed. It can be read as a debate between the nature of a monarchy versus elected rulers.   The Beast Within? Chapter 5 Maybe there is a beast...maybe its only us. As the doomed Simon and Piggy try to make sense of whats really happening on the island, Golding gives us yet another larger moral theme to consider. With the world in The Lord of the Flies at war, and Goldings status as a war veteran, this statement seems to question whether humans are their own worst enemy. The authors answer is an emphatic yes.

An analysis of the financial situation of British Airways Case Study

An analysis of the financial situation of British Airways - Case Study Example In the introduction part of the report, an overview about the business of the company, its evolution, organization structure etc, have been described. All the calculations performed are supported by graphical representations apart from the comments in order to give a clearer picture about the company's financial performance and management efficiency. The capital structure of the company is also discussed as part of the report.This report looks at the financial situation of British Airways Plc amidst the threats and challenges in its external environment. In doing so, this paper will utilize three different financial analysis techniques. First, the current performance of the company will be compared with its historical financial data in a trend analysis. In order to simplify the analyses, the six year period of 2001-2006 will be considered. Second, a financial ratio analysis will also be conducted in order to ascertain the profitability, working capital or efficiency, liquidity, and f inancial leverage of the company. Recognizing that the financial analysis will be maximized by more data, it uses 2005 as a comparative year for 2006. Lastly, this paper will also compare the financial data and ratios of British Airways Plc, its key competitors, and industry through a benchmarking analysis. The report concludes with the identification of the airline's financial strengths and weakness. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The British airline is rapidly evolving due to external environmental forces. The industry has been faced with a dismal outlook with the onset of economic downturn in the world led by the business cycle in the United States (Sorensen 2006). Furthermore, the emergence of low cost carriers in the European airline industry is a living example of how the strategic directions of business organizations are strongly affected by the changes, trends, and developments and their external environment. It is apparent that the European airline industry has progressed from being dominated by large, business class air