Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses

After reading the article on Subordination With Adjective Clauses, review the guidelines below and then complete the punctuation exercise that follows. Guidelines for Punctuating Adjective Clauses These three guidelines should help you decide when to set off an adjective clause (also called a relative clause) with commas: Adjective clauses beginning with that are never set off from the main clause with commas. Food that has turned green in the refrigerator should be thrown away. Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should not be set off with commas if omitting the clause would change the basic meaning of the sentence. Students who turn green should be sent to the infirmary. Because we dont mean that all students should be sent to the infirmary, the adjective clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence. For this reason, we dont set off the adjective clause with commas.Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should be set off with commas if omitting the clause would not change the basic meaning of the sentence. Last weeks pudding, which has turned green in the refrigerator, should be thrown away. Here the which clause provides added but not essential information, and so we set it off from the rest of the sentence with commas. Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses In the following sentences, add commas to set off adjective clauses that provide additional, but not essential, information. Dont add commas if the adjective clause affects the basic meaning of the sentence. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. Caramel de Lites which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts contain 70 calories each.These are the times that try mens souls.I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.I left my son at the campus day-care center which is available to all full-time students with young children.Students who have young children are invited to use the free day-care center.A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of her patients.Gus who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed has been exiled to the storm cellar for a week.Professor Legree lost his only umbrella which he has owned for 20 years.Healthy people who refuse to work should not be given government assistance.Felix who was once a hunter in the Yukon stunned the roach with one blow from a newspaper. Answers to Adjective Clauses Questions Caramel de Lites, which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts, contain . . ..(no commas)(no commas)Â  . . . day-care center, which is available to all full-time students with young children.(no commas)(no commas)Gus, who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed, has . . ... . . umbrella, which he has owned for 20 years.(no commas)Felix, who was once a hunter in the Yukon, stunned . . ..

Analysis Of Sylvia s The Cow - 1378 Words

Sylvia isolates herself in nature and identifies herself as a person who prefers to be alone. While wandering in the woods and playing around with her cow, she â€Å"would look upon the cow’s pranks as an intelligent attempt to play hide and seek, as [she] had no playmates† (Jewett 196). Sylvia does not experience human interaction, besides her grandmother, due to being isolated in the countryside. However, she interacts with her best friend, Mistress Moolly the cow, as a way to fill in the need of communicating with others. Sylvia could be feeling lonely, so she treats her cow as a friend. Mrs. Tilley, Sylvia’s grandmother, notices how her granddaughter spends more time in nature. She states, â€Å"Afraid of folks, they said! I guess [Sylvia] won’t be troubled no great with them up to the old place† (Jewett 196). The â€Å"old place† indicates Sylvia’s house in the city. Generally, a city is crowded and there is not enough space for her to freely wander unlike the countryside. Mrs. Tilley suggests that her granddaughter is more comfortable in the countryside, where it is open and peaceful, rather than the congested city. There is a slight hint of transcendentalism in Sylvia. Due to her familiarity with nature, she realizes how much she prefers being alone in the woods. Additionally, the isolation that Sylvia experiences allow her to retain her innocence, a part of her identity, until she meets the hunter. Sylvia experiences a coming-of-age process as she meets the hunter in the woodsShow MoreRelatedMga Uri Ng Pagsulat5939 Words   |  24 Pagesshe/he can understand why things went wrong in the past, and how client can be guided so that things will not go wrong in the future. This therapy seeks to apply the step by step approach of cognitive therapy – developed by Anthony Ryle, in the 1970’s Anthony Ryle used his background as a GP and work experience as a Consultant Psychotherapist to develop t his mode of therapy. CAT focuses on the why emotional or psychological problems have occurred and to do this the therapist guides the client backRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Allen Ginsberg Free Essays

string(215) " Television Was a Baby Crawling toward That Death chamber, a long angry poem in which he proclaimed that he could never tell his own secrets on TV and that television kept vital information a secret from Americans\." His parents, Naomi and Louis Ginsberg, named him Irwin Allen at his birth in Newark, New Jersey, in 1926. Twenty-nine years later, in San Francisco in 1955—when he began to write Howl— he liked to think that he was in a cosmos of his own creation. In fact, he was still very much connected to his parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Allen Ginsberg or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wasn’t Naomi a madwoman, and wasn’t Howl about madness? Didn’t Louis write apocalyptic poetry, and wasn’t Howl an apocalyptic poem, too? His parents haunted him in the months just before he wrote Howl—they appeared in his dreams, and he wrote about them in his journals and unpublished poems from that period. Moreover, they provided the germinating seeds for Howl— madness, nakedness, and secrecy. Few poets have quarreled with their parents as intensely as Ginsberg quarreled with his, and few young men have turned those quarrels into poems as remarkable as Howl and Kaddish. His quarrels were with himself as much as they were with Naomi and Louis, and in the quarrels with himself he expanded the possibilities not only for himself, but for American poetry, as he pushed against the limits of literary caution and conservatism that characterized the times. If ever there was a poet in rebellion against his own parents it was Allen Ginsberg. And yet if ever there was a dutiful poet it was also Allen Ginsberg. The son carried on the family heritage even as he railed against it. For decades, Louis Ginsberg had been far more famous than Allen. The elder Ginsberg taught poetry at Rutgers and played a leading role in the prestigious, though stodgy, Poetry Society of America. He had two books of poems to his name, dozens of poems in anthologies, and publications in most of the leading literary magazines. Then, in 1956 and 1957, with the advent of Howl, attention suddenly shifted from father to son. Allen was the bright new star in the literary firmament. Never again would Louis outshine his son, though for a brief time in the late 1960s and early 1970s, father and son shared the stage and gave poetry readings together from California to New Jersey. Other fathers might have bridled at a son who was more famous than they were, and other sons might have used their fame to berate their fathers and settle old scores. Allen’s fame brought him closer to his father; now that he was famous he could pay homage to Louis and his work. In â€Å"To My Father in Poetry,† which he wrote in 1959, he acknowledged, at long last, his father’s influence on his own work—something he had long ignored and long denied. He heard his father’s voice in his own voice. Louis was delighted that his famous son respected him. The father-son love feast notwithstanding, they disagreed as strongly as ever about politics, poetry, sex, and the self. In â€Å"To Allen Ginsberg†Ã¢â‚¬â€one of his best poems—Louis compared his son to Theseus, the legendary Greek hero who slew the Minotaur, and expressed the hope that Allen would find his way through the labyrinth of his own self until he found his own genuine identity. Allen was well aware of his various selves, but unlike Louis, he felt that no single self was truer than another. They were all parts of himself and equally valid. What was essential, he argued, was to be detached, to remain in flux and never become fixed to any one identity. (Morgan, Bill 4-10) Surely, fame would have taken a far greater toll had he not understood that â€Å"Allen Ginsberg† was a fiction. His ability to remain detached from any one fixed identity had helped to make Howl an extraordinary poem. In Howl, he was the paragon of the protean poet. In the moment of creation, he was everyone and he was everywhere, from Alcatraz to Madison Avenue. He was himself, and he was also almost everyone else in the poem. He could become one with the angel headed hipsters and with the Adonis of Denver. He was Moloch and he was Carl Solomon, too. His ability to remain detached from â€Å"Allen Ginsberg† enabled him, in large part, to go on writing extraordinary poems in the wake of Howl—overtly political poems as well as deeply personal poems—including â€Å"Death to Van Gogh’s Ear! † â€Å"At Apollinaire’s Grave, † and, of course, Kaddish, which he started in 1956 and continued to work on in Paris and in New York in 1957 and 1958. Living in Europe deepened his vision of both Europe and America and helped him understand the experience of a generation of European immigrants like his mother who were born in the Old World and came to the New World. Now he could imagine what it must have been like for Naomi Levy to leave Russia, travel across the Atlantic, and arrive in New York, the strangest of cities. He could transcend his own resentment and anger and see his mother as a beautiful woman in her own right. And he could put himself on the sidelines and put his mother at the center of his poem. In Allen’s view, the White House and the Pentagon tolerated mad dictatorial developments everywhere on the face of the earth. Of course, he disapproved of Soviet-style mind control and brainwashing, and he rejected official Communist Party ideas about literature and the arts, and about the obligation of the artist to serve the needs of the people. He would never write for the Communist Party or for the people, he proclaimed. No matter what country he lived in, he would always write for himself or he would write for no one. The Soviet Communist Party had driven Mayakovsky into madness and suicide. It surely would drive him mad, too. Meanwhile, America was driving him mad. The function of television, he insisted, was to control people, and he denounced it at every opportunity. By 1961 he would write about the deadliness of TV in Television Was a Baby Crawling toward That Death chamber, a long angry poem in which he proclaimed that he could never tell his own secrets on TV and that television kept vital information a secret from Americans. You read "Allen Ginsberg" in category "Papers" In the late 1950s he argued that the USSR wasn’t as evil as the talking heads on American television made it out to be. He was convinced that the USSR was a great nation, that Russian writers were as original and creative as writers anywhere, and that communism had tried succeeded in improving material living conditions. He didn’t want a communist society in the United States, but he wasn’t opposed to communism in the Third World. He thought a great deal about America during his sojourn in Europe. He became increasingly anti-American, and yet there was something uniquely American about his anti-Americanism. In many ways he was the archetypal innocent abroad, the idealistic young man making the grand tour, the wide-eyed tourist who fell in love with almost everything about the Old World, and came to detest almost everything about the New World. Europe was a â€Å"great experience. Like hundreds if not thousands of Americans before him, he found Paris â€Å"beautiful† and he was tempted to â€Å"expatriate settle down. † And, like so many other Americans, he loved the Latin Quarter and the little cafes where the existentialists smoked, drank, and talked, and where you might catch a glimpse of Jean Paul Sartre, if you were lucky. Europeans were genuine intellectuals, he decided. They cared about ideas, he insisted, whereas making money was the American thing, and there were no moral standards. Even New York, the most European of American cities, paled by comparison with Paris, Rome, and Florence. From the vantage point of Europe, New York looked hard, closed, commercial, and ingrown. Europeans were less materialistic than Americans, he thought, and less racist, too. â€Å"Europeans have more better personal relations with Negroes than Americans have, † he concluded. In Holland, â€Å"big black nigger looking spades† dated â€Å"nice white girls, † he noted, and no one paid any attention. Yes, he was still using racist language, still trying to shock his father, and he would go on using racist language for some time to come. Even as late as 1966, in the midst of the civil rights movement, he would use racial epithets in Wichita Vortex Sutra. No one challenged him, or scolded him. (Rothschild, Matthew 34-35) By the mid-1960s he was largely beyond reproach. In 1967, for example, when he read in London, the British poet Ted Hughes described him as the prophet of a spiritual revolution, and one of the most important men of the twentieth century. From Hughes’s point of view, Howl was the single work that began a global revolution in poetical form and content. It had, indeed, broken all sorts of verbal barriers, and Ginsberg went on breaking them when he described himself as â€Å"queer† or wrote about his own body and his bodily functions, or used words like niggers† and â€Å"spades. † In the late 1950s, the Europeans he met seemed less repressed than Americans about sex and race and about language, too. They were far more verbally liberated. About the only thing he didn’t like in Europe was the Roman Catholic Church. At first he imagined that European Catholics belonged to a mystical secret society that provided a wonderful sense of community. Gradually, however, he changed his mind and came to feel that the Roman Catholic Church operated like the secret police in a totalitarian society, and that Rome was in the business of mind control and censorship. All those medieval cathedrals depressed him, while the Renaissance inspired him, especially the art of Michelangelo, which depicted â€Å"naked idealized realistic human bodies. † Europeans seemed more artistic and far more poetic than Americans—Americans hated poetry and poets, he insisted— and he pursued poets and the legacy of poetry, too. In Italy, he visited mad Shelley’s grave, plucking a few tender leaves of clover and mailing them to Louis, who was delighted to receive them. There were visits to living poets, too, especially W. H. Auden, whom he had adored when he was an undergraduate at Columbia, and whom he had been trying to meet for years. He loved to be in the company of famous people, especially famous writers and musicians, and for years he would seek out celebrities, from Ezra Pound to Bob Dylan and the Beatles, though celebrities also sought him out. Now, with the fame that Howl had furnished, and with all the notoriety that the media provided, he could knock on doors and find himself ushered into tea or served a glass or two of wine. What he wanted was adulation and acceptance. (Pollin, Burton R. 535) When he died, Columbia College Today, the alumni magazine, published a cover story about him by the poet and critic David Lehman. Eventually Trilling changed his mind about Ginsberg’s work and included two of his poems, â€Å"A Supermarket in California† and â€Å"To Aunt Rose,† in his comprehensive anthology The Experience of Literature, which was published in 1967 and used widely as a textbook. Ever since Ginsberg wrote Howl in the mid-1950s, he had wanted to be included in the canon, and now he was. Of course, he was delighted that it was none other than Trilling who made a place for him. The inclusion and validation was exhilarating to Ginsberg. (Harris, Oliver 171) Bibliography †¢ Harris, Oliver. Article Title: Cold War Correspondents: Ginsberg, Kerouac, Cassady, and the Political Economy of Beat Letters. Journal Title: Twentieth Century Literature. Volume: 46. Issue: 2. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 171. †¢ Morgan, Bill. The Works of Allen Ginsberg, 1941-1994. Publisher: Greenwood Press. Place of Publication: Westport, CT. Publication Year: 1995. †¢ Morgan, Bill. The Response to Allen Ginsberg, 1926-1994: A Bibliography of Secondary Sources. Publisher: Greenwood Press. Place of Publication: Westport, CT. Publication Year: 1996. †¢ Pollin, Burton R. Article Title: Edgar Allan Poe as a Major Influence upon Allen Ginsberg. Journal Title: The Mississippi Quarterly. Volume: 52. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1999. Page Number: 535. †¢ Rothschild, Matthew. Article Title: Allen Ginsberg: ‘I’m banned from the Main Marketplace of Ideas in My Own Country. Magazine Title: The Progressive. Volume: 58. Issue: 8. Publication Date: August 1994. Page Number: 34+. How to cite Allen Ginsberg, Papers

Management and Leadership Skills Development

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Leadership Skills Development. Answer: Introduction Management positions are critical for organisations and therefore they need a high level of experience and knowledge in order to achieve the organisations objectives. Managers must also possess leadership skills that can enable them to manage the organisation better. This is because there are various resources that need to be allocated to maximize efficiency. Besides, the human resource also requires that managers have people management and leadership skills for them to perform effectively. Analysis of the impact of organisational objectives, values and culture on the leadership and management role These factors influence how management of an organisation should be done. This is because they are the factors that give the organisation direction on how different functions can be carried out and how employees should behave in order to achieve the organisational goals. Objectives The organization of which objectives will be discussed is Hilti UAE. The organisations objectives include: To maintain profitability-this means that the organisations revenues should be more than the costs they incur. Profitability is one of the main objectives of business organisations and it influences the management and leadership styles applied in the organisation. To maintain productivity-employees are provided with all the required resources that will enable them to improve on their productivity for the business to continue. To provide exemplary customer service-this is a customer-based objective. It is also an important objective since without the customers, there can be no business. Customers are part of the organisation and they must be considered and be given the services they need in order to have repeat business with the organisation. To support the society-the society has an important role in business and the organisation should be geared towards improving the society. This is through having various corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in the society. These objectives are important in determining how the organisation is supposed to be led. Since the objectives require resources, it is important for the manager to have analytical skills in order to ascertain what resources are required by the organisation in order to achieve the objectives. For instance, maintaining profitability requires that a balance between revenues and costs is achieved. This means that the manager has to have cost management skills and sales and marketing skills in order to allocate resources economically and maximize revenues through sales and marketing strategies (West, et al., 2016). Core Values Core values are important in an organisation because they provide a guideline on how the organisation members are supposed to behave in order to maintain the organisations reputation. Some of the core values include: accountability, balance, integrity, diversity, empowerment, commitment, innovation and safety. The core values are also important in determining what the organisation stands for. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives effectively, they need to have core values. The managers have to understand what the values mean and how to attain their requirements (Wahab, et al., 2014). Integrity is one of the values that a manager should have and embrace. A manager should avoid subjectivity at all costs because subjective thinking and reasoning may compromise integrity. Accountability is the other value that a manager should uphold. A manager should be ready to account for all the resources that he is entrusted with in the organisation. When a manager is accountable, he/she can be trusted with the organisations resources since they believe that objectives will be met because of the accountability levels of the manager. When managers are accountable, the employees also tend to be accountable because they understand that the manager is the one who is responsible for all the resources that they utilize in their business (Bickmore Dowell, 2015). Innovativeness is also an important value since it is meant to improve the organisational performance by increasing efficiency. Also innovativeness encourages change whereby the organisationis ready to embrace changes that improve the work environment. This can be combined with commitment, diversity and empowerment. All these requires a manager who can handle challenges that this values may pose to them and other employees (Dameron, 2016). Organisation Culture The organisation has a strong culture and that is what keeps the employees united. Culture plays an important role in an organisation. This is an important factor that has to be considered by a manager in order to effectively manage an organisation. Employees can easily reject a manager who does not embrace the organisational culture and therefore it may be difficult to run an organisation (Magada Govender, 2016). Organisational culture entails shared beliefs, values and perceptions. These values have an impact on how an organisation operates. Communication is essential and there should be effective communication channels in an organisation for it to work effectively. Culture is socially developed and transmitted by members within the organisation (Calvin, 2015).The culture provides rules for behavior within the organisation. Core values are the ones that develop the organisational culture. These core values begin with the organisations leadership. When a strong unified behavior has developed in an organisation, a strong organisational culture emerges (Valentine, 2011). Leaders have to embrace their role in maintain the organisation culture and in turn ensure a consistent culture which reduces conflicts, and create a healthy working environment for the employees. Management and Leadership Skills Required To Support the Achievement of the Objectives In order to achieve the organisational objectives, a manager should have a balance of managerial and leadership skills. This is because there are many factors that are involved in the process of meeting the needs of the customers since they are the ones who the business is concerned about. The resources include people who put together other resources in order to come up with the end products (Wolf, 2006). Management Skills The following are the most vital management skills for the organisation Planning skills-These skills are important in the organisation because through planning strategies can be developed to deliver in an economical and efficient manner. The organisations manager should possess high planning skills because they are essential in making sure that resources are allocated effectively for effectiveness (Ohiri, 2012). Planning is also important in team building. This is because the organisational staff requirements are easily identified in a plan. Finally, planning helps in developing a competitive advantage because of the detailed analysis of the situation and the environment in which the organisation operates (Wolfe, Chanin, 1993). Organizing and coordinating skills-a manager should have the ability to allocate resources efficiently. Also, these resources have to be linked to the people in the organisation in order to be productive. Therefore as a manager, organizing and coordination should be considered as important factors that the organisation needs and such skills should be developed for the better of the people and the organisation itself (Vollmer Pastor, 2016). Commanding-this is a necessary skill for a manager since employees need a manager who can command them in order to feel the authority. There are different ways in which commanding can be done without making the employees feel inferior or threatened. These skills are important and commanding can be done through having a chain of command integrated in the system. In doing so, employees will easily understand how different activities are conducted in the organisation through the chain of command (Murphy, 1996). Controlling-this is the ability to review business models and offer solutions to challenges that the organisation may be facing. Controlling skills are necessary in meeting the organisations objectives because they give the manager an opportunity to explore all the requirements of the organisation in order to achieve the objectives and maintain the organisational culture (Vollmer Pastor, 2016). Leadership Skills Charisma-this is the natural brightness of a leader that enables him or her to get followers. In the organisation, the managers have to be charismatic since they need to be followed and trusted by the employees for better management (Peters, 2005). Assertiveness-this helps a leader to make his points clear in the organisation without any aggression. This also is an important leadership skill because the decisions that are made by the leader should be firm (Axalta, 2003). Communication skills-these are important in building relationships both in the organisation and outside. The organisation needs to create networks which are necessary in improving business. Negotiation skills, effective speaking, active listening, and building rapport are some of the communication skills that a leader needs to develop in order to execute his or her organisational leadership role effectively (Reap Houston Univ., 2008). Analytical skills-a leader should be able to analyse a situation in order to develop strategies and solutions for different problems that the organisation may be facing. This is important even in the analysis of the market in order to determine ways in which profits can be maximized through the development of various products that suit the market needs (Reap Houston Univ., 2008). Evaluation of Personal Management and Leadership Skills Strengths Personally, I have gained a vast experience in the field and now I understand myself better because I have gained a lot of knowledge about how to run an organisation. Besides, I have academic qualifications that indicate the theoretical understanding of what management entails. Having engaged myself in many projects, I have developed planning skills that can be used in the improvement of the organisation. Planning requires a lot of research in order to develop an effective plan that can enable the organisation to increase productivity. Also, I have organizing and coordinating skills which are necessary in making sure that resources are allocated efficiently. In addition, I am assertive and I have high decision making abilities. This is because I possess analytical skills which are necessary in decision making. Finally, I have the communication skills necessary for communicating within and outside the organisation. Communication is one of the skills that is needed in the development of relationships. Networks are important in meeting the organisations objectives since it is through networks that a market is created and expert knowledge can be received through linking with other people who have knowledge in the field that can be used to improve the organisati ons products and services. Personal Weaknesses I need to develop sales and marketing skills-these are the skills that are needed in making sales and popularizing the organisation. Through different training sessions, the skills can be developed and they will help me as the manager in analysing the different achievements that the organisation has and needs to have in the market. The marketing skills are inscribed in the communication skills but the communication skills that needs to be developed involve the public relations part of the organisation. This means that I need to know how to evaluate channels through which public relations communication needs to be done. Also, I need to develop controlling skills. This is because resources and people need to be controlled effectively in the organisation in order for them to be fully productive. This is an important skill because it is essential in the reduction of costs that the organisation incurs in production. When efficient controlling skills are attained, it becomes easy for the organisation to manage the resources that are put into the process in order to achieve production economically (Reiley, et al., 2011). These are the two main skills that I believe I need to develop through training and networking in order to be perfect in executing the different functions of the organisation and increase efficiency and productivity. Opportunities for Development of Leadership and Management Skills Having a skill gap in management and leadership, there are many opportunities that can be utilised to develop these skills and be a better manager in executing the managerial functions better in the organisation. Foremost, coaching is one of the opportunities that is available for a leader to improve his/her skills. In leadership coaching, a relationship is created between a leader and a coach. Leadership coaching is a partnership in which both partners work towards achieving a common goal. The main aim of coaching is to change the entire behaviour and transform the leaders working and personal life. Leadership coaching is neither technical support nor career guidance. It is the process of imparting better leadership skills in a leader to enhance effectiveness. Secondly, there are professional bodies that offer training on how various organisations should be led and managed. These bodies are vital in enhancing leadership skills because they are necessary in managing such organisations. These bodies have different experts who have a wide knowledge through education and experience. Their expertise is necessary in helping leaders develop the skills that they do not have or the skills that they need to enhance for them to manage organisations better and more efficiently. Thirdly, double loop learning is another opportunity that a leader can use in developing skills that are necessary in running an organisation. This is a learning process that utilises past experiences in developing strategies to counter problems that an organisation has. This method is more dynamic because it opens up the leader to different ways in which they can solve problems in an organisation. It focuses on the historical events of the organisation and how they were handled. This makes it easy for the leader to develop strategies that can be used in problem solving in the organisation. Finally, the use of feedback is important in developing leadership skills. This is achieved through reviews that the leader receives through those he or she leads. Feedbacks help a leader to know which areas need improvement or need a change of tactic. Therefore, they can be used by the leader in developing a plan on how the lacking skills can be developed to improve their performance in the organisation. Personal Leadership and Management Skills Development Plan For effective leadership and management skills development planning, there needs to be an analysis of the kind of skills needed in the organisation. This is because there are financial resources that are involved in the development of these skills. Therefore, there is a need to analyse what the organisation needs are in order to develop an effective skills development plan (Reiley, et al., 2011). Analysis of the Required Skills The organisation needs a leader who has networking skills that will enable them to connect to people and other organisations that will generate business and offer expert services to the organisation. Resource management skills also need to be developed in the organisation because different resources are used in the development of different products which makes the organisation at risk of incurring excessive costs if the resources are not utilized efficiently. Skills Development Plan Objective Skill Skill level Opportunity to improve To improve the sales through marketing strategies Sales and marketing Bachelors degree older in business management Leadership coaching programs Double loop learning Professional bodies Utilizing Feedbacks To improve the control of resources Controlling skills Bachelors degree older in business management Leadership coaching programs Double loop learning Professional bodies Formal education (Masters degree program) Leadership coaching programs should commence in the first year. A suitable leadership coach will be approached in order to assist me develop the skills that I am lacking in order to improve my performance and the organisational performance. This process will be beneficial because it will also help me in developing skills that I can transfer to others so that they can also develop leadership skills in their levels of management. Within the same year, I will be attending leadership seminars that are conducted by professional bodies in order to acquire the skills that these bodies offer to leaders. These skills will help in understanding the requirements of different organisations for their success. Lastly I will resume formal education in management and gain insights about management and leadership in organisations through theoretical frameworks and research. This will be important in increasing my knowledge in management of organisations and leading teams towards a common objective. Personal development will be assessed through review that will be conducted by my superiors in the organisation to ascertain whether the skills development plan is effective or not. Key performance indicators will be developed and they will be used to evaluate my performance. This will be important because the skills are supposed to reflect on the organisations objectives. For instance, the sales and marketing techniques are important in increasing the organisations revenue through increased sales. This will indicate that the communication skills relating to public relations, networking and sales have been improved. In the evaluation of the process of learning, feedbacks will be important in making sure that I understand what the organisation needs and I will device mechanisms of developing the skills that will satisfy such organisational needs. Feedbacks can be done through appraisals which can be conducted by the top managers in the organisation.This is also important in gauging how much I have learned through the process and the level of skills that I will have attained. This is not because my leadership skills are low but it is because there is a need to improve and develop skills that are unique in meeting the organisations objectives. That is why appraisals are important forms of feedback since they give a detailed analysis of an individuals performance with regards to the attainment of the organisational objectives and goals. After learning the skills fully, I will have to share the experience with other employees. This is because the skills need to be synchronized with the organisational culture in order to be effective. There are some changes that can come up as a result of such skills and other team members need to be aware and an effective strategy applied in making them comfortable to take up the change that might come with the increased leadership and management skills.Therefore sharing such information is vital in making other employees understand a course that the organisation may be taking (Reiley, et al., 2011). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Personal Development Plan Objective Skill Skill level Opportunity to improve Challenges Key indicators of effectiveness To improve the sales through marketing strategies Sales and marketing Bachelors degree older in business management Leadership coaching programs Double loop learning Professional bodies Utilizing Feedbacks Leadership coaching will require the engagement of an expert which will be a cost to the company Some of the feedback received may be biased and therefore cannot be utilized Increased sales Increased PR activities Development of a strong Marketing team To improve the control of resources Controlling skills Bachelors degree older in business management Leadership coaching programs Double loop learning Professional bodies Formal education (Masters degree program) Leadership coachingand the masters degree program will require the engagement of an expert which will be a cost to the company More effective resource allocation Reduced operational costs Evaluation of the effectiveness of the development plan is important because the plan may concentrate on factors that are not important to fulfilling the organisational objectives. Also, the plan may focus on the skills that are already developed and ignore the important skills that were being sought in the first place (Spehar, 2007). Review of Development Plan Against Original Objectives The original objectives of the development plan were to develop sales and marketing skills which are to enable the organisation to make more sales and increase their revenue. The personal development plan included the communication skills that need to be developed. In marketing, communication skills are essential. These skills are important in public relations and since they were included in the plan, the plan will be effective in achieving the objective effectively. This review is important in figuring out whether the skills were necessary (Charoensap-Kelly, et al., 2016). An increase in sales and revenues is a key indicator of effectiveness of the skill. The second personal development objective was to develop the controlling skills in management. Thisskills are vital in the allocation of resources in an organisation to optimize output (Kumpikait, et al., 2016).The leadership trainings and education programs were effective in developing the controlling skills. In evaluating the effectiveness, the cost of production and employee output can be reviewed. The cost of production have reduced significantly while employee output has increased in the organisation. This shows that the plan worked out effectively in developing the controlling skills since these are the organisational resources that are used in the production of the products that are needed by the market. Evaluation of the Development Plan The development plan has to be evaluated to determine its effectiveness in increasing a managers efficiency. There are different variables that can be used in the evaluation process and they can show whether the plan worked for or against the organisational skills requirements (Hara, et al., 2010). The leadership coaching program was effective because it helped in the development of the team leadership skills that were vital in improving employee performance in the organisation. Besides, the professional bodies also gave vital experiences and skills that have been applied to improve the organisations general performance.In addition, the formal education program increased the knowledge that is required for better execution of leadership and managerial functions. This shows that the plan was effective in improving the organisation through improving the management and leadership skills. Further Development Skill Level of development Need for improvement Marketing skills The Masters degree is ongoing and in the first year of completion Six months remaining to complete Controlling skills Leadership coaching has already been completed No need for improvement Relationship skills Has not yet been done To be done within the next year Despite having improved the leadership skills, there are other areas that need further development in order to increase organisational efficiency. There is a need to develop relationship skills because they are important in communication. Relationships form part of the communication skills and it is important to know how to relate to different people in order to improve communication for better performance of the organisation. Therefore, additional programs need to be developed in order to perfect this skill. Reference List Axalta Coating, S 0003, 'Axalta to Highlight Leadership Skills Needed for Collision Shop Growth at Business Council in San Antonio, Texas', Business Wire (English), October, Regional Business News, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Beyer, B 2012, 'Blending Constructs and Concepts: Development of Emerging Theories of Organisational Leadership and Their Relationship to Leadership Practices for Social Justice', International Journal Of Educational Leadership Preparation, 7, 3, ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Bickmore, D, Dowell, M 2015, 'A Case Study of Middle Grades Leadership in a Conversion Charter School', NASSP Bulletin, 99, 1, pp. 43-69, ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Bycio, P, Allen, J 2009, 'The California Critical Thinking Skills Test and Business School Performance', American Journal Of Business Education, 2, 8, pp. 1-8, ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Calvin, JR 2015, 'Leadership for Developing Empowering Culture in Organisations: Outreach Empowerment', Academy Of Business Journal, 1, pp. 7-15, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Charoensap-Kelly, P, Broussard, L, Lindsly, M, Troy, M 2016, 'Evaluation of a Soft Skills Training Program', Business Professional Communication Quarterly, 79, 2, pp. 154-179, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. 'Corporate Environmental Strategy: Building Environmental Business and Leadership Skills Through Dialogue' 2001, Corporate Environmental Strategy, 8, 3, pp. 209-216, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Dameron, CM 2016, 'Embracing Servant Leadership', Journal Of Christian Nursing: A Quarterly Publication Of Nurses Christian Fellowship, 33, 2, p. 73, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Hara, Y, Matsubara, H, Shibata, Y, Mizobe, F, Fukazawa, Y, Okamoto, M, Chin, T, Minato, K, Yoshida, M 2010, 'Development of an evaluation method for controlling skill of a myoelectric control hand', Electronics Communications In Japan, 93, 5, pp. 15-23, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Kumpikait, V, Ramrez, A, Rito Ribeiro, H 2012, 'EVALUATION OF SKILLS DEVELOPMENT METHODS: INTERCULTURAL STUDY OF STUDENTS' ATTITUDES', Economics Management, 17, 3, pp. 1193-1199, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Li Yueh, C 2004, 'Examining the Effect of Organisation Culture and Leadership Behaviors on Organisational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance at Small and Middle-sized Firms of Taiwan', Journal Of American Academy Of Business, Cambridge, 5, 1/2, pp. 432-438, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Magada, T, Govender, K 2016, 'The Relationship among Leadership, Organisation Culture, and Performance: A South African Public Service Organisation Perspective', Proceedings Of The European Conference On Management, Leadership Governance, pp. 210-216, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Murphy, HJ 1996, 'Owners of small businesses: Learning stances and self-development of management skills', Psychological Reports, 79, 3, p. 867, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Ohiri, IC 2012, 'The Application Of Management Theories, Skills, Systems And Styles For Improved Private Theatre Business Prospects', Franklin Business Law Journal, 2012, 2, pp. 67-82, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Peters, M 2005, 'Entrepreneurial Skills in Leadership and Human Resource Management Evaluated by Apprentices in Small Tourism Businesses', Education Training, 47, 8-9, pp. 575-591, ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Reap, M, Houston Univ., T 2008, 'The Alpha Gamma Study: A Report on the Basic Business Survival Skills Survey', ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Reiley, C, Lin, H, Yuh, D, Hager, G 2011, 'Review of methods for objective surgical skill evaluation', Surgical Endoscopy, 25, 2, pp. 356-366, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Spehar, C 2007, 'What to do when the customer isn't right', Natural Foods Merchandiser, 28, 5, p. 22, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Valentine, D 2011, 'Maintaining Organisation Culture through Leadership Succession Planning', Franklin Business Law Journal, 4, pp. 103-109, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Vollmer, S, Pastor, J 2016, 'Improve your conflict management skills', Journal Of Accountancy, 221, 4, pp. 42-45, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Wahab, J, Fuad, C, Ismail, H, Majid, S 2014, 'Headmasters' Transformational Leadership and Their Relationship with Teachers' Job Satisfaction and Teachers' Commitments', International Education Studies, 7, 13, pp. 40-48, ERIC, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. West, M, Smithgall, L, Rosler, G, Winn, E 2016, 'Evaluation of a nurse leadership development programme', Nursing Management (Harrow, London, England: 1994), 22, 10, pp. 26-31, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Wolf, T 2006, 'Culture, leadership, and organisations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies', The Journal Of Applied Christian Leadership, 1, 1, pp. 55-71, ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016. Wolfe, J, Chanin, M 1993, 'The integration of functional and strategic management skills in a business game learning..', Simulation Gaming, 24, 1, p. 34, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 September 2016.

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

It is the goal of any business to be profitable and sustainable in the short-run and in the long run. To achieve this, many firms come up with a number of methods and strategies that tend to utilize their resources and capabilities in an effective and efficient manner. As a result, such organizations tend to become market leaders and command a large market share in their respective industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical and Horizontal Integration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vertical and horizontal integration are amongst the most used methods in ensuring that companies have a competitive advantage over their rivals. These methods are therefore grand strategies that aim at giving companies the right direction in terms of their running, operations and management. Through their application, companies have the chance to have a competitive advantage over their rivals and command a large market share . Horizontal integration is the process through which firms in the same industry and similar level of production merge to jointly produce goods and services. This joint operation normally tends to reduce production and operating costs. As a result, such firms tend to produce their goods and services at a cheaper price as compared to other individual companies who undertake the whole process of production on their own. To stand on a stronger base, firms that decide to adopt this strategy should be experts in their respective fields. Through horizontal integration, firms are able to exploit the economies of scale to their advantage. This is because they incur costs jointly. Examples of costs that firms are able to incur jointly include transpiration, warehousing, advertising, selling and distributions, purchase of raw materials and labour costs. Such companies will thus produce their goods and services at a cheaper price as compared to their rivals. Due to this fact, they will stand a chance of sell their goods at a lower price as compared to other firms in the market. This will in turn increase their market share. As a result, such companies will have a competitive advantage in their industries. In addition, through merging up, companies that have adopted this strategy will enjoy the privileges of monopoly. The entry of new firms into the market will be difficult due to the high market share that they hold.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the motor industry, Volkswagen is a company that has benefited greatly from horizontal integration. The company merged with Skoda to manufacture vehicles. Their main target group were the members of the middle and lower classes of the society. Through their expertise, they were able to manufacture cheap and efficient cars that are desirable for individuals of these classes. At the present moment, Volkswagen is in th e process of merging up with Porsche to produce luxurious cars for the individuals of the upper class. Once this is in place, Volkswagen will have a large market share in the motor vehicle industry in Europe by having cars that meet the needs of all individuals in the society. As a result, the company will have a competitive advantage over other companies that target a specific class in the society. Vertical stratification is also another grand strategy that can enable firms to have a competitive advantage and command a large market share. This method is achieved by the acquisition of suppliers or consumers in a market by a firm. This strategy has the following options: Forward integrations Backwards integration Full integration Taper integration In forward integration, a firm acquires a company whose level of production is in a later stage while in backward integration, a firm acquires a company whose level of production is in an earlier stage. In full integration, a firm control s all the activities of manufacturing a product. In taper integration, on the other hand, a firm manufactures goods and services by merging with suppliers of raw materials and distributors of the products. Using the concept of vertical integration brings about a number of benefits within an organization. This concept tends to reduce costs, improve the efficiency of production and improve on the quality and quantity of the product. These facts are essential in ensuring that companies have a competitive advantage over their rivals. Porters Grand Strategies There are several factors that affect the manner in which firms operate within their respective industries and the profitability they enjoy. The attractiveness that a firm has in the industry in which it is operating is a primary factor in the determination of the profitability that the firm will enjoy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical and Horizontal Integration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The position that a business holds within the industry is an operating in acts as a secondary factor (Quick MBA, 2011). Therefore, a firm may be in a state of earning profits that are below average but due to its strategic positioning it still earns high returns. According to Michael Porter, a firm positioning depends on the manner in which it is utilizing its strengths (Quick MBA, 2011). The strengths of a firm depend on whether a firm wants to cost conscious or differently from its rivals. While a firm is operating on a broad or narrow scale, it can achieve this either through cost leadership, differentiation or focus (Quick MBA, 2011). The following graph shows Porters grand strategy model. Using the cost leadership strategy, a firm will focus on reducing its cost of production. To achieve this, a firm may seek cheaper raw materials, use the most efficient methods of production or reduce its labour costs. As a result therefore, the avera ge cost of production per unit will be reduced. Such a company may sell its goods and services at the average market price or below the market price. Selling the goods at the market price will ensure that the company earns more profits as compared to its rivals. On the other hand, selling the goods below the market price will reduce the revenue of the company but will earn it market share. For this strategy to be successful, a company needs to have a lot of capital, expertise, skills and efficient channels for marketing and distribution of its products (Quick MBA, 2011). IKEA is one of the companies that use this technique. Since its incorporation, the company has been coming up with means of reducing its production costs in order to reduce the prices of its commodities. The strategy has been successful since IKEA has grown to become one of the leading furniture manufacturing and retailing companies in the world. This strategy has its own risks.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other firms may also decide to lower down the costs of their goods and services. Technological advancements also lead to the formulation of more efficient methods of production that reduce costs and increase the quantity of production. Other firms may also decide to target narrow markets. All these factors will reduce the competitive advantage that a firm had gained as a result of using this strategy. To build on its strengths, a firm may also adopt the differentiation strategy. While using this strategy, a firm will try to have a competitive advantage by producing goods that are different or unique as compared to the ones that are currently in the market. These new version or types of goods should suit the needs and requirements of consumers in a better way as compared to the goods that are currently present in the market. As a result, many customers will prefer the new version of the goods and services that are produced by the firm. This will in turn increase the demand for the go od and consumers they may become loyal to the product and the brand. In addition, they may recommend it to other individuals. This will in turn increase the market share of the firm in the industry. In addition, the company will have a competitive advantage over its rivals. To achieve this, a firm must be innovative and invest on research. It must also have a skilled and innovative team and must use brilliant marketing techniques to reach its target group. Imitations from rivals coupled with changes in consumer tastes and preferences are the main risks to this strategy. A firm that adopts the focus strategy is one that operates within a narrow range of the market. Due to this fact, such firms would like to achieve a mix of differentiation and cost advantage. To achieve this, a firm normally identifies a specific target group in the market and produces goods and services that meet their specific needs. Due to this fact, such firms are able to satisfy the needs of their customers and earn consumer loyalty. It will therefore be difficult for new firms to enter into this market due to the brand loyalty that the target group has for the firm. Firms operating in such markets may also sell their goods at high prices since they do not have close substitutes. However, there are some risks that are involved. These include changes in consumers tastes and preferences and imitations. Other firms may also focus on a section of this target market and supply them with a good that is of a better quality. Reference Quick MBA, n.d, Porter’s Generic Strategies. Available at:Â  http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/generic.shtml This essay on Vertical and Horizontal Integration was written and submitted by user Al1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

King Alfred the Great essays

King Alfred the Great essays King Alfred the Great (871-899) was one of the best kings ever to rule. He defended his kingdom from Viking raids, enacted a code of laws, and helped to give rebirth to religious and scholarly activity. During Alfreds reign, he demonstrated military and strategic skills, sound authority and the capability to inspire men and plan for the future, great devotion to the support of religion, personal scholarship and the promotion of education. King Alfred was born in 849 AD at Wantage, Berkshire. Aethelwulf, the King of Wessex and Alfreds father, had four sons and one daughter. Alfred was the youngest of the four other children. At the age of four, Alfred had the desire to become a monk. As a result, his father sends him to accompany Pope Leo IV in Rome. Alfred would go to Rome again with his father in 855 on a pilgrimage. In 858, Aethelwulf dies, leaving Wessex to be governed by his three other brothers, Ethelbald, Ethelbert, and Elthred. (Alfred the Great) In 865 a "great heathen army" (Alfred the Great) arrived in England seizing a dispute in Northumbria in order to control the divided kingdom. By 870, the army had built multiple roads into Mercia, subdued East Anglia, and killed its king Edmund. By 871, the heathens joined forces with another army from overseas, and began to attack Wessex. In return, the West-Saxons and the Mercians combine forces and attack the Danes. The only way for Alfred to get the Danes to submit to peace was to pay them a large sum of money. In 868, Alfred marries Ealhswith, the daughter of Aelthelred Mucill. Ealhswith was the granddaughter of a past King of Mercia. Alfred would not ascend to the throne until the death of his brother Elthred, in Easter of 871. (Alfred the Great) Now that Alfred is King of Wessex, he must protect his insecure kingdom from invasion. The Danes would attack the West-Saxons again in 875. But this time Alfred did not pay them for ...

Asnwer all the questions on the paper after reading and watching some Essay

Asnwer all the questions on the paper after reading and watching some materials - Essay Example As explained in Genesis 11:9 from the Bible where the title was drawn, Babel is where God confused the people who once had one language. In the entirety of the movie, confusions abound, a fact that one cannot deny is in abundance in lives around the world regardless of age, status, gender, education or political beliefs and affiliations. Richard and Susan, the couple who went on vacation to Morocco, trying to mend the damages their loss of their child brought to their marriage show many symbolisms in their character. For instance, in their attempt to get over the loss of their child, one would wonder why they chose Morocco. Whether it was planned well or not is not the issue, but the message the director wanted to send to viewers. One hypothesis could be the intensity of the emotions of the couple which they were not able to express, could be well displayed in their choice of place. It could also symbolize the state they are in, with their love for each other still hot however is drying out because of the confusions they are going through with the loss of their child. Their choice could also be interpreted in accordance to general observations that, when a person is troubled, he usually makes hasty decisions which usually leads to more problems. The character of Chieko, the deaf Japanese girl who was encountering problems regarding growing up in addition to the loss of her mother represents the vulnerable, usually misunderstood and abused in their weaknesses. The usual uniform of Japanese students is one of the symbolisms that was misconstrued, being short enough to show the form of the user. It has been taken as a sexual invitation when the young girl was still innocent about such matters. This could draw one’s attention to avoid stereotyping rather understanding customs and traditions before drawing conclusions. Facial expressions

'Economic development is a prerequisite to democratisation.' Discuss Essay

'Economic development is a prerequisite to democratisation.' Discuss - Essay Example Southern Europe became the first continent to experience the rapid political transformation in mid 1970s. It later spread to the Latin America and some specific parts of Asia in 1980s. Finally, in the late 1980s and even in the early 1990s, it moved to the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and some specific parts in the sub- Saharan Africa. In some countries, democratization is known to have a strong impulse, while in other countries it is considered as a weaker impulse or does not even exist. In addition, it has also been revealed that government and politics democratic forms have been common in some specific parts of the world and less in others. In conducting analysis, various individuals have applied the measures of democracy and development, which are different. This has led to several crucial questions that concerns democracy consequences, emergence, and maintenance being handled. Many different scholars have been committed in analyzing democracy economic requisites. This took place during Lipset (1959) early work. He stated that the chances of democracy being sustained are more likely when a country is a more well-to-do. Regardless of how democracy is measured and when used, the relationship between the democracy and the improved levels of economic development remains to be important and irrefutable. The outcome of this various findings is the weak claim of economic development and democracy just being associated with each other. On the other hand, strong claim has been established that economic development brings about democracy. This results in recognition of endogenous and exogenous theories. The relationship between democracy and economic development is the major existing argument. In this argument, endogenous and exogenous theory differences are examined. In the endogenous theory, democracy is described as being economic development function. According to this theory, development in poor countries increases the chances for democratic transition. The fact ors contributing to this include the increase in the number of middle class who are enlightened, changes in the land, income, and capital relative distribution. On the other hand, exogenous theory opposes this; they insist that democracy does not result from development. According to exogenous theory, longevity of democracy is maintained by the economic development. However, the theory suggests that from the authoritarian rule, the transition to democracy is exogenous to development. This theory suggests that democracy is established with the aid of different factors that are considered as being external to economic development processes. These factors include, elites in authoritarian regimes interacting strategically and relative power alterations, elites who are in the regime and those who are in the opposition having strategic interaction, and individual rights of citizenship being mobilized socially. In addition to this are international factors that are significant. These inclu de diffusion, contagion, coercion, and even globalization. These exogenous explanations does not dismiss the existence of economic development, instead the argument is that in countries with high level of development establishment of democracy collapses. This way the process of democratization is just supported by economic development and not determine by it. In exogenous explanations, economic development is critically handled. It considers that once established, democracy continues in a country. The determining factor here is the economic

Expansion and Merger Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Expansion and Merger - Research Paper Example The laws relating to merger as embodied in sections 391 to 396 of the companies Act, 1956 enable the government to oversee if the companies in need of merger follow procedures and requirements necessary for merger as consideration of the tribunal (Wilson, 2011). Another reason why the government need to regulate market during a merger is because, it is the government’s duty to oversee whether the management of the target merging firm can secure itself form hostile and harsh takeover through a number of various financial as well as legal defenses. The need for government regulation in this case serves as a law that tends to be deferential to defenses for as long as the target the target company does not act primarily to preserve its own position. The government becomes skeptical during a merger since the management of a target company subject for acquisition may negatively affect the society if employees of this company lose their jobs as this increase the percentage of the une mployed in a country. In the United States, the rationale for government intervention is helping in assessing those mergers based on hubris and power without accounting for consequences involved (Burge, 2008). Consequently, the government is now able, with the help of defense laws, to facilitate majority of mergers rendering transactions friendly and negotiable. Hence, preserving and accounting for interests of parties involved by following the rule of law to the latter. Furthermore, the government intervention in the market process remains justified since it ensures that the combined size of the new corporation cannot monopolize power rendering the merger unlawful. Another rationale for government market intervention is that it regulates purchasing power of companies. In this situation, the law offers tender protocols that require whoever is purchasing anything beyond 5 percent of company’s shares to identify him or herself, make particular public disclosures, and announce t he reason for the share purchase and any terms and conditions of the tender offer. When companies decide to work on self-expansion, complexities regarding things like capital arise. Subsequently, business expansion or growth is a stage in the life of a company that is fraught with not only opportunities, but also perils. In addition, business expansion carries with it a corresponding increase in financial fortunes for owners and employees as well. When intended companies fail to merger due to unavoidable circumstances and at the same time decide on expanding on its own, it requires additional financing. Getting the extra capital for expansion may prove to be a hard task since small businesses planning to expand encounter drawbacks that make them vulnerable to market strategies that renders small businesses inadequate for advantageous terms available in the capita market. Another complexity associated with capital projects that is likely to rise is unbalanced sales revenue. In some b usinesses, stakeholders expect to see growth in value of company’s stock. Nevertheless, due to unpredicted downward growth in the trend market share, amount of revenue obtained from sales deteriorate causing the company to face difficulties while in its plans of expansion. Additionally, at times of expansion, companies face more complexities pertaining to capital projects, as the firm requires more room for expansion. Raising extra capital to buy land for firm’

Effect of Globalisation on Inflation

Effect of Globalisation on Inflation Contents list (jump to) Introduction Body Content Globalization Discourage Inflation? How does Globalisation discourage inflation in OECD countries? Globalization Encourage inflation? How Does Globalization Affect China Inflation? Conclusion Appendix (1) Appendix (2) Bibliography Introduction In this advancement era, communicating and sharing of cultures between countries has become much easier. Not only that, good and services can be consumed by country that are not being produced within the country. For example, in countries that have two good or services only, country will be producing good that they are good at producing in term of comparative advantages or even through theory of abundant factor of production. This mean, country will export the good that they are good at producing and importing good that they are poor at producing. Globalization makes import and export between countries possible. What is globalization? According to BBC, globalization is process by which the world is becoming more interconnected as compared to before. This is because; globalization is the mean of the worldwide movement toward integration in term of economic, financial, trade and also communication. The history of Globalization has begun century ago, however, different economics, have different opinion on when globalization actually begin. Some economics that agree with Adam smith, believe that globalization happen on two most important events that is being recorded in the history. The two major event that are related to globalization is significantly dated in 1492 in event of Christopher Colombus stumbles on the Americas in search of spices and 1498 in event of Vasco da Gama makes an end run around Africa and snatched monopoly rents away from the Arab and Venetian spice trader (Kevin H.ORourke, 2000). Some economics like Andre Gunder Franks believe that globalization begins only from 1500 onward and economics such as Jerry Bentley argues that globalization begin even before 1500. A test was being carried out to test the globalization impact on economic. The test looks at the connection between factor price, commodity price and endowment worldwide. However, in the year 1492 and 1498, there is no evidence showing that globalization occurs in the two year. Only in the 19th century, there is abundant of evidence support that in this century, a big globalization bang has occurred. (Kevin H.ORourke, Abstract, 2000). The reason for globalization to occur in a large scale is because the advancement of transportation, technology and reduction of tariff. With the advancement of transport such as containerisation have make transportation of good from one nation to another nation much more efficient and also cheaper. Containerisation is the use of common size of container to transport good from one nation to another nation. In addition, advancement of technology such as internet has contributed highly to sharing of information and also enables people to communicate around the world. Tariff is used to increase the price of the imported good. With the support of World Trade Organization (WTO), who aims is to encourage country to trade in a free trade barrier environment. With the reduction of tariff, people will be able to consume more of foreign produced goods and services. Other than that, mobility of capital and labour also contributed largely to the globalization era that we are facing in today worl d. Many countries have tried many ways to control their inflation. This is because, if inflation is too high, the cost of living of a nation will be high, and eventually affecting it standard of living to fall. Inflation refers to the rate at which price level of general good and services is rising. With the raise of price level of good and services in a country, purchasing power of consumer in the nation itself will fall. Inflation rate is being measured by percentage change in Consumer Price Index (CPI) . Consumer price index is the weighted average of good and services that are being purchased by a typical household. Some cause of inflation is the market power, demand pull .asset market boom and shock supply (T.Harvey, 2011). One of the examples is that during an economic expansion, household will have surplus of money. With this abundant of money, household will increase their demand of good and services. Thus, in response toward the increase in demand for goods and services, firm w ill have to increase the price of good and services to reduce the demand. This increase in price level in response of high demand is an example of inflation The main question now is does globalization affect inflation? Many economics hold different perspective about globalization and inflation. There are also various opinions in regard of inflation and globalization. Some economists say that globalization will encourage inflation to rise, while other economics have contrary view about inflation and globalization. Therefore, we are going to examine whether or not globalization has an impact of the nation inflation. Body Content Globalization Discourage Inflation? Economist Richard Fisher and W.Michael Cox of Dallas Federal Reserve have discovered that â€Å"the more globalized a country is, they tend to pursue policy that achieve faster economic growth, lower inflation, higher income and greater economic freedom† (COX, 2006). Meanwhile countries that are less globalized tend to pursue policies that interfere with the market and will eventually lead the country into stagnation, inflation and diminished competitiveness. Country that are more globalized are able to experience faster economic growth because, they focus mainly on producing good that they are able to produce with a lower cost of production. This mean that all globalized country will be producing more of good that they are producing at a lower cost and produce less of good that they are producing at a higher cost. By doing so, country will experience a surplus of good that they are producing more and shortage of good that they are producing less. Therefore, country will impor t good that they experiencing shortage and exporting good that they are experience a surplus. This specialisation will enable firm to experience a lower average cost or production and consumer to experience a lower price. As the price of good decreases, it means that the inflation rate have decreases. â€Å"The consequent significant additions to world production and trade have clearly put downward pressure on the domestic price† (Greenspan, 2004). How does Globalisation discourage inflation in OECD countries? A research has been conducted on the OECD countries regarding the impact that globalization has on inflation. The research included a sample of 22 OECD countries that consist of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, and the USA. The research uses KOF-index as a measurement of globalization which cover the economics and social and political dimension of globalization as proxies for globalization and simple average inflation as a measurement of inflation (Pehnelt, 2007). The result has shown that (Appendix 1) that as the KOF index increases, the inflation rate has decreases. There are several reasons that have contributed to this negative relationship between inflation and globalization which are the import price effect, global competition effect, labour market effect and so on. The import price effect is one of the factors that has contributed to the result that KOF index and Inflation are negatively related. With globalization, comparative advantage and also economics of scale can be achieved. This is because, integration of low income into the world economy and also the enhancement of division of labour. There is two function of import price in a globalized economy is that it have direct influence over inflation and also can be used to determine the domestic price of good and services. In the particular sector, the downward pressure of import price can influence the domestic inflation by lowering them down. As the import price fall, it will also have a direct impact on the fall in the consumer price which is proportion to the share of import in the actual consumption basket. Since imported good are being used as a substituted for domestic product. Therefore, when imported price decreases, it will eventually cause the overall inflation rate in the country to fall as well. Another reason that affects the KOF index to have a negative effect with inflation is because of the global competition effect. In general global competition refer to the good and services that are being provided by competing companies to serve international customers. With a higher import penetration, OECD countries have experience enhanced competition in their country. When a country has experience an enhanced competition that result from higher import penetration, it will limit the monopoly power of its domestic producer. This causes, domestic producer to be unable to increase the price of good even if the domestic demand increases or even cost of production increases. It means that as country experiencing an economic integration, respective country will be experiencing a higher price elasticity of demand. This causes domestic firm to reduce their mark-up price. Since it is an elastic demand curve, by reducing the mark-up price will induce more customers to purchase the good. This is because, in an elastic demand curve, a percent decrease in price will induce more than a percent increase in the quantity demand in the economic. However, the size of reduction in mark-up price is depending on the intensity of the foreign competition. The more open an economy is , the higher the competitive pressure it put on the domestic producer. Other than that, labour market effect also plays a role in the negative relationship between globalization and also inflation. With the integration of huge developing and newly industrialized countries into the global economy, it has put a downward pressure on the wage rate in OECD countries in certain sector. This is because as more country enters the global world, the supply of labour in the labour market will increase and it wills eventually causes the economy to experience a decrease in the wage rate of worker. With a lower cost of production, it will cause the production of good to be produced at a cheaper cost. Thus, as the cost of production decrease, it mean that price of imported product will decrease. Therefore, it shows that as a country becomes more globalized, the country will experience a fall in product price in certain sector. Globalization Encourage inflation? According to the Globalization Hypothesis (GH), it stated that the internationalization of the good and financial market has led to the increase of the dependence of the national macroeconomics outcome which is inflation rates and business cycle on the international factor (Francesco Bianchi, 2013). Not only that, Economics Ben Bernanke said that When the offsetting effects of globalization on the prices ofmanufactured imports and on energy and commodity prices are considered together, there seems to be little basis for concluding that globalization overall has significantly reduced inflation, said Bernanke. Indeed, the opposite may be true. (Chen, 2007) How Does Globalization Affect China Inflation? In the year 2006, China has experience an increase of 30% in the price level or energy metal and agricultural product. The reason for the raise in the commodity price of good in China is because of the raise in the demand for commodity in the growing of world economy. Not only that, As time goes on , Chinese are becoming more richer and the middle class citizen are growing . This show that the demand for food and food related product will increase. However, the supply of food has fall due to the development of housing and commercial on the arable land. Arable land is land that is suitable for the growing of crops. Thus with arable land being used as a housing area , the supply of food for China has decreases. With globalization, the change in the use of land and also increasing demand could result in a higher structural increase in the food price. Not only that the stagnant of the supply of commodities create an even greater world demand for product and may result in a even higher pr ice increase. As show in the in appendix 2, it indicates that as years pass, the entire commodities price in the world has increases dramatically. Conclusion In conclusion, Globalization may have some impact on inflation. However, there is still having on-going debate that globalization will cause inflation to rise. While other economics supports that globalization may discourage inflation rate to rise. As shown, OECD countries experience a decrease in the inflation rate when they are having a high openness to trade. However country like China have experience an increase in the price of commodity such as oil price and food price when there is globalization. Appendix (1) Appendix (2) Bibliography Braeuninger, D. (2008, Feburary 6). Has Globalization Deepend Inequality. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Yaleglobal Online: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/has-globalization-deepened-inequality Chen, C. T. (2007, 03 3). Bernanke Says Globalization May Push Inflation Higher. Retrieved 04 20, 2014, from Bloomberg: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=ax2XxQsuANu8 COX, R. W. (2006, april 10). Globalizing Good Government. Retrieved april 20, 2014, from The New Yourk Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/opinion/10cox.html?_r=0 Francesco Bianchi, A. C. (2013). Introdcution. Globalization and Inflation: Structural Evidence from a Time, 1. Greenspan, C. A. (2004, May 6). Globalization and innovations. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Federal Reserve Board: http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/200405062/ Kevin H.ORourke, J. G. (2000). Abstract. When did globalization begin ?, ii. Kevin H.ORourke, J. G. (2000). Globalization and World History. When did globalization begin ?, 1-2. Pehnelt, G. (2007). THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION ON INFLATION. Globalisation and Inflation in OECD Countries, 4. T.Harvey, J. (2011, May 30). What Atcually Causes Inflation. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2011/05/30/what-actually-causes-inflation/2/

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Learning Classroom Essays

Educational Philosophy Education is the key to opening many opportunities in ones lifetime. People can learn, grow, and dream through education and its recourses. Many opportunities are because of education and the educational system in America. I have always enjoyed education and going to school. I am interested in chemistry and enjoy working with the science subjects. Chemistry is something that I like to share with others. Children need the guidance and information that education provides. I want to make a difference in a child’s life and show them that a hard subject such as chemistry can still be fun. My classroom is going to be very organized and mostly of a traditional style. The seating should be in rows on one side of the room, closest to the chalkboard, for when working problems or teaching. The other side of the classroom in lines will probably be lab desks and lab equipment. Hopefully there will be a separate room for storage of chemicals and the larger scale equipment. All of my bulletin boards will be covered with information relating to the subject area. Supplemental materials and projects will go hand in hand in studying labs for chemistry. Safety equipment will also be easily accessible from anywhere in the classroom. I feel a teacher should have enough authority in a classroom to be respected but not feared. I feel when teachers intimidate students then they have taken their authority too far. This factor can lead in to discipline and teaching, leadership styles. If a teacher is respected in the classroom then discipline will not be a major problem. As far as teaching and leadership styles I want to be new to the students, like no other teacher they have ever had before. I want them to be as excited about science as I am. I hope to remain traditional as far as standards and values, yet exciting and attention holding as a teacher. Hopefully with the children interested in what they are learning they can be motivated by their own will as well as motivated by their teachers.

History of Arts Notes

WEEK 1 PREHISTORIC Hybrid figure, mammoth ivory, ca. 40,000-28,000 BCE – To make: split dry mammoth tusk, scarpe into shape (using sharp blad) – half human, half animal= human dressed as animal for hunting purpose Bear, Chauvet Cave, ca. 30,000-28,000 BCE – hand paintings, hand silhouettes depict animals – took advantage of walls – eg. bump creates bear's shoulder – discovered in 1994 So-called â€Å"Venus of Willendorf,† limestone, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE – no naturalism- stress fertility emphasizing reproductive features= fertility object Spotted horses and human hands, Pech-Merle Cave, ca. 16,000-15,000 BCE – shamanism- belief in spirit world accessed through alternative states of consciousness – hand dots- can find how many artists painted in one cave – saliva, water, blood- MIXED- applied with brush, finger, moss, chewed stick, feather Rhinoceros, wounded man, and bison, Lascaux Cave, ca. 15,000-13,000 BCE – sense of power – pathetic, no power – powerful Hall of the bulls, Lascaux Cave, ca. 5,000-10,000 BCE – human never lived in Lascaux cave (no objects, remains ; instead; bear bones, torches) – not optical images; instead; COMPOSITE- many details of animal Stonehenge, ca. 2,100 BCE, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England – marked passing of time/seasons – megalith(stone forming prehistoric monument) in circles= CROMLECHS – simple structure= post and lintel Babylonian deed of sale, clay with cuneiform writing, ca. 1,750 BCE – refined pictogram pressed in series of wedge-shaped signs= CUNEIFORM – used for dministrative accounts ; poetry – invention of writing WEEK 2 SUMERIA;EGYPT Remains of the â€Å"White Temple† on its ziggurat, ca. 3500-3000 BCE Uruk, Iraq – Tripartite layout – from 3sides- can see ceremonial ascent of priest ; leaders – stairs- counter clockwise around mound= indirect approach= Mesopotamian temple archietecture Cylinder seal of priest-king feeding sacred sheep, ca. 3300 – cylindrical made of stone with hole running through centre – design carved into surface of seal- when pressed in soft clay= reverse im age unfoldStatues from Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, ca. 2700-2500BCE – maybe worshipers – exaggerated eyes- responding to God’s awe, warding off evil Relief Panel of Hesy-ra, ca. 2660 BC – wooden stele nonnaturalistic – 3000 years of same system of showing body – same composite artificial way of showin g body – SHOWS that it was much more important to follow tradition – instead of realism, point is not that they cannot make naturalistic art – this convention was chosen on purpose Imhotep, Step Pyramid and Necropolis of King Djoser, ca. 681-2662 BCE – made for King Djoser-ruled 2630-2611- king [email  protected] was NECROPOLIS-cemetery -encircling entire complex is rectangular stone wall stretchign over mile in length and 33ft high -DOMINANT FEATURE= STEPPED PYRAMID-oriented to cardinal points of compass – zygarat- elevate temple in mesopotamia- this is not a temple but a grave – this is only image of pa lace meant for eternity – there was a statue of king in center – believed that soul could live in a staute of king – statue enclosed in a room in center with windows and look out rest of complex so king could live eternily – monumental archeitectureRoyal Standard of Ur, ca. 2600 BCE – bottom= charioteers pulled bu oagers. Riding over enemies – middle= prisoners stripped of clothing ; armor are escorted – top= prisoners brought to central figure- head is off canvas – banquet= top= seated for banquet, cups raised to music played by harp – PANELS represent Kingship Prince Rahotep and Nofret, 2580 BCE – carved from limeston- softer than diorite- painted skin tones, hair, garments, jewelry – rahotep is government official and wife is dependent of king- ritualized gesture in full frontality – rigid frontality norm for royal and elite sculpturesPyramids of Menkaure, 2533-2515 BCE, Kafra, 2570-2544 BCE, and Khufu, 2601-2528 BCE, Giza pyramid only a part of necropolis- city of dead – King djoser had a mudbrick palace made of wood, mud brick, reeds – has archeitect which suggest how important buildling is – stones cut precicly so that they can interlock together and create smooth surface – pyramid 440ft tall- 45 stories Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty II, 2515 BCE – carved in one piece with an upright back slab, rigid frontality – almost identical height, left foot forward King is more muscular and half nude and queen draped in thin dress hemmed at ankles= smooth surfaces and high polishestablish appearance of unity – man both arms down and woman arms around man- dependent Seated Scribe, ca 2400 BCE, limestone -frontal, stiff in traditional poses – in earlier society- fat and marks of age could be signs of honour- experience – sallow cheeks, sagging jaw, loose stomach= social status: succeed in career, eats well, relies on s ubordinates to do physical work on his behalf Head of an Akkadian ruler, ca.2250-2200 BCE naram-sin (sargan’s grandson) – stretched Akkadian empires – explited art to reflect and establish power= abstract hair and beard= strong symmetry= contrl and order – damage done maybe by Medes- who invaded Nineveh= gaughe eyes, ears and nose hacked= as if really attacking person Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, ca. 2100 BCE – Mud bricks: clay mixed with vegetable and straw to prevent clay cracking when dry – mud mixture put into wodden frames- knocked out and backed under sun – joined wall with wet clay – not durable so sealed with BITUMEN buttresses= articulate walls= impression of strength, lines= add dynamic energy, 100 steps Stele with the Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1760 BCE – TOP- hammurabi appears in relief- standing with arm raised in greeting before the enthroned sun-god Shamash- god's shoulders emanate sun rays- god ext ends hand, holding rope ring and the measuring rod of kingship= THIS GESTURE unifies scene's composition and purpose of the two leading characters – smaller scale of Hammurabi compared to seated god= â€Å"shepherd† rather than god himselfFemale figurine, 12th-13th dynasties (ca. 1650 BCE), faience – object placed in tombs along with dead – from tomb in Thebes, represents a schematized woman- legs stop at knees, restrict her mobility/ or legs maybe not essential to her function – painted cowrie-shell girdle to emphasize belly and hips, delineate breats and pubic area= function may have been as fertility objects, enhance family continuity – blue-green color of faience associated with fertility, regeneration and goddess hathor Temple of Hatshepsut, ca. 478-1458 BCE – New Kingdom funerary temple= Hatshepsut- female king – crowning pyramid- mastaba and terraces extending into cliff face – ascending white limestone courts, li nked by wide ramps on a central axis – trees lined entrance way and paired sphinxes faced each other Queen Hatshepsut kneeling, ca. 1473-1458 BCE – Hatshepsut kneeling as she makes offering – because kingship is male office, she wears regalia of a male king(kilt, false beard and nemes headdress(striped cloth worn by kings))Akhenaten and his family, 1355 BCE – akhenaten with family- consort Nefertiti and 3 oldest daughters – sun life-giving beams radiate downward with hands at their terminals- reed columns suggest scene is within garden pavilion stocked with wine jars – king and wife sit facing each othe on stools- hold daughters, on laps, in arms, uniting composition with animated gestures- contrast to STATIC quality of scenes of other times – emphasis on daughters’ childishness marks changeAkhenaten, 1353-1335 BCE – break dramatically long-established conventions for depicting royal subjects- different proportions- narr ow shoulders, lacking musculature, marked potbelly, wide hips, generous thighs, large lips, distinctive nose, chin, narrow eyes make face recognizable. Queen Tiy, 1352 BCE Akhenaten’s mother- used dark wood of yes tree with precious metls and semiprecious stones for details – downturned mouth and modeled lines running from sides of nose to mouth= advancing years – initially queen wore gold jewlry and silver headdress decorated with golden cobras= identify her with funerary goddesses Isis and Nepthys – wig embellished with glass beads topped with plumed crown Queen Nefertiti, 1348-1335 BCE – Nefertiti’s bust- plastered over limestone core and painted – left eye not inished- bust remained unfinished but elegance still derives from sculptor’s command of geometry The weighing of the heart and judgment of Osiris The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, 1285 BCE books of dead – instructions on how to escape the great beast and make it through afte rlife – needed to go ceremony and weight their heart with ostrich feather- if free from sin- heart should be lighter than ostrich feather Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, ca. 1279-1213 BCE Ramesses commissioned most architectural projects- including monumental temple – king marked his claim to the land of Kush in Lower Nubia(origin of old, viroy and enimal pelts) – between statues’ legs- small figures represent member of royal family.INTERIOR- colossal figures of Ramesses- 32ft Fugitives crossing a river, ca. 883-859 BCE – walls covered with large scale stone reliefs – narrative images- painted in places for emphasis- glorified king with detailed depictions – archer and two women look on with hands raised NO RELATIVE SCALE, primary purpose of scenes to recount specific enemy conquests Gate of Citadel of Sargon II, with lamassu, 742-706 BCE (photo taken during excavation) – lamassu- great guaridian figures – powerful and terrifying deities to anyone who might enter – embody king's fearful authority- tall horned headdresses, deep-set eyes, powerful muscularity of legs and bodies Reconstruction of Citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, ca. 21-705 BCE – Sargon II had plan for city of Dur Sharrukin where he had royal residence – unexcavated but estimate to cover a square mile – enclosed within an imposing mud-brick wall – 30 court yards- 200 rooms Lion hunt, ca. 645 BCE – king slay lion – way of demonstrating power over beast – EGYPT- royal lion hunts were events that took place in palace grounds – roal attendants released animals from cages into a square formed by troops with shields – ritual symbolic showcasing king's strength and serving as metaphor for military skillsPalette of King Narner, ca. 310-3125 BCE – TOP CENTER: hieroglyphs spell out narmer's name – BESIDE hieroglyphs= cow heads represent sky god dess – LEFT= King Narmer holds enemy by hair and raises mace- sign of kingship – KING- wears white crown of Upper Egypt and belt of kilt hangs tail of bull- symbole of power kings wear as part of ceremonial dress-larger scale establish authority – BOTTOM-enemy stripped of clothing- humiliateion – BEHIND king attendant carries king's sandals RIGHT of Narmer appears falcon holding rope – OTHER SIDE- king wears red crown of LOWER egypt- by sandal carrier and long-hared figure= FOLOWS FOUR people holding something to inspect bodies of prisoners with their heads between their legs – CENTRAL register= 2 animals roped by male figure- twist long necks to frame a circle in composition – symmetrical, balanced= ma'at – LOWER- bull rep. king attack city and tramples down enemy – COMMUNICATE BY!!!! ombine several diff types of signs on one object – some literal representations and symbolic representations- bull=strength â€⠀œ MESSAGE: king embodied unified UPPER and LOWER EGYPT- though human, he occupied divine office shown by placement of name in sky WEEK 3 GREEK Amphora with meander pattern and funeral, ca. 750 BCE – vase from cemetery- known as Dipylon Vase- one of a group of large vessels Athenians used as funerary markers over burials- holes in its base allowed mourners to pour liquid offerings during funerary rituals- ashes of dead inside vases placedBlack-figured amphora Exekias, Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice, ca. 540-530 BCE – black-figured technique- painted design in black silhouette against reddish clay- incised details into design with needls, painted white and purple over black to make chosen areas stand out – Athenian amphora- signed by Exekias- both potter and painter- painting shows Homeric heroes Achilles and Ajax playing dice- episode not exist in surviving literary sources- two figures lean on their spears; shields stacked behind them – black silhouettes create rhythmical composition, symmetrical around table in centerKouros, ca. 540-525 BCE (means youth) – male- slim, broad-shouldered, left leg forward, arms by side, clenched fists, shoulders, hips and knees are level Kore, ca. 530 BCE (wearing a peplos) (means maiden) – female- -BOTH HAVE stylized wig-like hair, show techniques and proportional systems used by Egyptian sculptors- rigid, frontal, four distinct sides, no backslab, (GREEK: space between forms, public nudity acceptable for males/not females. EGYPT: figures embedded in stone. forced nudity on slaves) Red-figured amphora: Euthymides, Dancing revelers, ca. 510-500 BCE – black-fig. imit artist to incision for detail- develop red-figured tech- scence not dependent on profiles- freedom with brush translates into freedom of movement in dancing- range of poses, twisting bodies, age of intensive and self-conscious experimentation Red-figured kylix (wine cup) Douris painter, Eos and Memnon, ca.490-480 BCE – Eos, goddess of dawn lifts limp body of her dead son, Memnon whom Achilles killed- Douris(maker)- traces contours of limbs beneath drapery and balances vigorous outlines with more delicate strokes- dead weight of memnon’s body contrats with lift of Eos’ wings Kritios Boy’, ca. 480 BCE (marble) – contrapposto – weight shifted creating asymmetry in two sides of his body. Knee of forward leg is lower than the other, right hip is thrust down and in, left hip up and out, axis of body not straight vertical line, reversed S-curve – stands at ease- CHIASTIC POSE (balanced asymmetry of relaxed natural stance) – muscles suggest motion Temple of Hera II at Paestum, ca. 460 BCE building made of DORIC order simple capital, no base, columns sit directl on step platform – columns look massive, little space between them – archeitects worried about rooms falling down Zeus or Poseidon, ca. 460-450 BCE, bronze – nude bronze from sea near Greek coast- 7ft tall- depicts spread-eagled male figure in act of throwing- Zeus casting thunderbolt or Poseidon throwing his trident. -sculptor catures and contrasts vigorous action and firm stability- express god’s awe-inspiring power.Shows artist’s understand of bodies in motion and also knowledge of strength of bronze= allow god’s arms to stretch out without support. Warrior, ca. 450 BCE, found in the sea off of Riace, Italy – over-life-size figure found in sea near Riace- used lost-wax technique- not just cutting away stone- artist build clay model- where marble absorb light, bronze surface reflect= explore surface texture for hair and skin Roman copy after a bronze original by Myron, Diskobolos, ca. 50 BCE – bronze, Myron condensed a sequence of movements into single pose, achieved through violent twist of torso that brings the arms into same place as legs -Pose conveys essence of action by presenting coiled figure in perfect balance Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, 447-432 BCE – building made when athens was at war- created by money in military- dominant temple on Akropolis- Perikles conceived it to play focal role in cult of Athena- chief center of cult practice remained on Erechtheion(north f Parthenon)- built of gleaming white marble- Architects Iktinor and Kallikrates – OCTASTYLE(eight-column arrangement)- continuous sculpted frieze runs around all sides in variation of Ionic style- depicts procession moving from west-east- horsemen jostle with musicians,water carriers, sacrificial beasts- figures overlap to create illusion of crowd- encircling colonnade gave impression that visitor can approach temple from all sides.– appears less massive than TEMPLE OF HERA II at PAESTUM= columns more slender, capitals smaller and less flaring-cornice projects less. East freize of the Parthenon, ca. 440 BCE part of festival held to honor Athena- exalts mortal Greeks by deicting them in spac e reserved for divine and mythological scenes. – cloth is a new robe for Athena(woven by Athenian girls and depicting Athen’as triumph against giants in gigantomachy) Model of Pheidias, Athena Parthenos, ca. 438 BCE – enormous statue of Athena by sculptor PHEIDIAS- stood with one hand supporting a personification of Victory, and shield resting against her side. Figure out of ivory and gold(combo known as CHRYSTELEPHANTINE)- supported by wooden armature- valuable Three goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon, ca. 38-432 BCE – Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite (recent, Leto, Artemis, Aphrodite)- pediment figures embedded in building- forms are strong and solid- masterpiece of swirling drapery, garments cling to bodies beneath as if wet- drapery not follow lines of body- there is twisting around legs(struggle with them) Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 BCE, Akropolis, Athens (ionic order) – has a bas- thinner columns- taller- fluting on columns is like womens robe or skirt- base is like shoes- more feminin and elegant- tiny temple of athena nike- godess of wisdom and war- nike= VictoriaAkropolis, Athens, 421-405 BCE – dedicated to goddess Athena Erechtheion, 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens – Mnesikles’ project-architext had to deal with difficult terrain- built to serve several religious functions- included four rooms and basement on western side- two porches attached to its flanks- one dedicated to Poseidon face north and is main entrance- smaller one juts out toward ParthenonErechtheion, Porch of the Maidens 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens – 6 caryatids of columns support roof- represent women of Caryae (city-state in Peloponnese that formed alliance with Persians in Persian wars)- when war over, Greeks took women as slaves- architects THUS designed images of these women to bear the burden of their state’s dishonor in perpetuity Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike, ca. 10- 407 BCE – Nike taking off sandles-about to step on holy ground-wings keep her stable so she performs awkward act with elegance and ease- Pheidian style evident in deeply cut folds of her â€Å"wet look† garments clinging to her body and fall in deep swags between her legs. Grave stele of Hegeso, ca. 410-400 BCE – Pheidian style recognizable in drapery and also in smooth planes of faces- delicacy of carving clear in forms fathest away from viewer- servant’s left arm, veil behind Hegeso’s right hsoulder= relief merges with background strengthening illusion that background is empty space rather than solid surface.Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos original from ca. 340-330 BCE – first nude monumental statue of godess in Greek world- about to bathe, or rising from bath- right hand, she covers nudity in gesture of modesty, grasping for robe with her left- head slightly turned so does not engage viewer’s gaze di rectly Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Hermes and the infant Dionysius original from ca. 320-310 BCE – Hermes holding infant Dionysos- sandals=roman in style- chiastic pose is exaggerated and creates fuly relaxed curve of torso- youthful more than athleticWEEK 4 ROMAN & ITALY Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE – Republican practice of commissioning narrative reliefs to record specific events- reliefs mounted on public buildings and monuments(ara pacias augustae) Imperial procession, Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE below: Parthenon frieze, ca. 440 BCE – inclusion of women and small children= denote importance of dynasty as well as referring to moral legislation Augustus enacted to promote child-birth among the elite. Roman copies of a Greek original by Lysippos, Portrait of Alexander the Great, original late 4th C.BCE – to have idealized quality- planes are smooth especially around brow and individuality emerge in unruly hair, raised at fron (cowlick) a nd twist of head- does not engage with a viewer- has distant gaze The Abduction of Persephone, wall painting in Tomb 1, Vergina, ca. 340-330 BCE – from small tomb at Vergina- subject=abduction of Persephone- appropriate to funeral setting-Pluto-carries away Persephone to be queen-pluto seizes Persephone into speeding chariot-her handmaiden rearing back in fright The Battle of Alexander and the Persians mosaic copy of ca. 00 BCE of a Hellenistic painting of ca. 315 BCE – roman copies of Greek wall painting- may be copy of Philoxenos’ painting- depicts Darius and the fleeing Persians on right and damaged left-hand portiong depict figure of Alexander- mosaic- follows four—color scheme(yellow,red,black,white)- widely used in late 4th century Portrait, called â€Å"Brutus,† ca. 300 BCE rome- develop upon greek style-form art that became popular in this period= REALISTIC PORTRAIT lips thin, lips one over the other, overbite= similar notion of greek empha sis on individual = maybe a republican ideal, showing elf as god, flaws, suggest philosophical stance Epigonos of Pergamon (? ), Dying Gaul trumpeter, perhaps a Roman copy of a bronze original of ca.230-220 BCE – found in Sanctuary of Athena on Akropolis of Pergamon- sculptor identifies enemy as Gaul through his bushy hair and moustache and by torque around his neck(braided gold band)- dies sinking quietly to ground/struggling to prop imself up as blood pours from wound in chest. Drunken old woman and market woman, Roman copies of originals of ca. 00 BCE – depict unidealized and realistic everyday life- genre=Hellenistic realism- Roman- crouches on ground, clasping wine bottle, head flung far back-wrinkles cover face, skin on her exposed shoulder and chest sags with age- wears buckled tunic= identify as member of wealthy social class- (other sculptures of this kind focus on rustic life on poor) Nike of Samothrace, ca. 190 BCE – celebrates naval victories-nike-me ans victory- of Eudamos- Rhodian marble of sculpture’s base suggest sculpture comes from Rhodes.Victory goddess seems to be landing on prow of ship as if to bestow crown of victory upon Eudamos- maybe about to take flight, massive wings soar out behind her, wings make statue appear weightless despite mass of stone- neither leg holds the body’s full weight. Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE – Eumenes II or Attalos II built it to commemorate territorial victories over Pontos and Bithynia and establishment of a grand victory festival(Nikephoria). Altar stood high on a podium with large rectangular encloser defined by Ionic colonnade. wide staircase at fron provided access. Stood on Pergamene Akropolis- reconstructed in Berlin-frieze encircle base-extends 400ft in length and 7ft in height-subject is battle of Gods and Giants Athena and the giants, from the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE – muscular bodies rush at each other, overlapping, entwining, wings beat and barments blow in wind or twist around those they robe, texture contrasts with smoothness of giants’ flesh. -giants’ emotion – agonize in torment of defeat- brows creased in painSanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste, early 1st C. BCE -in italy- made to celebrate military victory of sola- oracular center where priests interpreted divine will- architec used concrete to mold structures over entire surface of hillside and to craft spaces- sanctuary ascend in 7 levels- BOTTOM=basilica&senate house- UPPOER TERRACE=rose in grand crescendo-4TH=colonnaded exedrae framed altars Wall paintings from the villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, mid 1st.Century BCE – second style- employed architectural vistas to open wall into a fantasy realm suggest another world beyond room Portrait of a man, early 1st century BCE – wrinkles cover face, etching deep crags into cheeks and brows- depicted distinguis hing marks=warts,hooked nose, receding hairline Temple of Portunus, Rome, ca. 80-70 BCE – borrow Greek forms- in Italic style- stands on podium and engaged lateral columns emphasize frontal approach- Ionic coluns have slender proportions of Classical Greek temples Scenes of Dionysiac mystery cult, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompei, ca. 0-50 BCE – 1st of MAU’S FOUR STYLES OF PAINTING-(4 styles of roman wall painting=: used paint and stucco to imitate expensive colored marble paneling- lower part of walla(the dado) and upper section above the cornice level are painted in rich mottled colors to resemble exotic stoneWall painting of a garden, Villa of Livia at Primaporta, ca. 20 BCE fresco -dining room- painted on all of the walls and ceiling so it looks like you are in a garden- frescos on all sides- light hitting different kinds of leaves- birds- leaves move in the wind- moving sensation Augustus of Primaporta, possibly a later copy of an original of ca. 0 CE  œ depicted as ageless youth- appears in battledress with arm raised in gesture of address- – romans clothe sculptures, relaxed gesture- armor- pictures of his family, battles- represent life in armor- showing status- romans show specificperson- more political purpose, leading war with hand, armor, heigh preist, leader-CUPID=rides dolphin- acts as strut to strengthen marble- dolphin eoked sea Wall paintings, Ixion room, House of the Vettii, Pompei, 63-79 CE – fourth style- united aspects of all three preceding styles tocreate extravagant effect- combine imitationmarble paneling, framed mythological scenes resembling panel pictures set into wall Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompei, 2nd century BCE-79 CE – eilte Roman house-distinct feature=atrium-square of oblong central hall lit by opening in roof with shallow pool(impluvium) in ground to collect rainwater-airy quality=grandeur upon house, romans kept portraits of ancestorsWEEK 5ROMAN & BYZANTINE Icon of th e Madonna Enthroned, late 13th c. CE, tempera Interior, Cathedral of Monreale, Italy, 1180-1190 CE Interior, St. Mark’s, Venice, begun 1063 CE Dome with mosaic of the Pantocrator, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Crucifixion, mosaic, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Emperor Justinian and his attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Empress Theodora and her attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (previously Constantinople), 532-7 CE San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CE Interior, San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CEIcon of Christ, 6th c. CE, encaustic Iconoclasm Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE Good Shepherd, mosaic, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE The Good Shepherd and Stories of Jonah, 4th c. CE Catacomb of Ss. Pietro e Marcellino, Rome Constantine the Great, early 4th century CE – large and deeply carved eyes- see something beyond t his world-soft modeling to cheeks and mouth-more natural than tetrach-full cap of hair and absense of beard it reference to Trajan and Augustus Santa Costanza, Rome, ca. 350 CE Interior of Old St. Peter’s, Rome, built 324-400 CE (drawing by Jacopo Grimaldi, 1619) – Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE people of rome dedicated triple-bayed arch to Constantine near colosseum to celebrate 10 year anniversary- largest imperial arches- little of sculptural relief on its surface was specifically designed for this monument- – free-standing Dacian capties on attic originated in Trajan’s Forum as did Trajanic Frieze on ends of attic and inside central bay- Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE detail of Hadrianic rondels and Constantinian relief Constantine addressing a crowd, Arch of Constantine, 312-15 CE – figures crowd the scene- heads are disproportionatel large- bodies stocky- poses unnaturally rigid- lines cared on flat surface render anatomical details- second row of heards arranged above first indicates recession- The Tetrarchs, 305 CE, porphyry during tetrachy-portraiture took radically abstract quality- two porphyry sculptural groups mounted on columns- each group shows two tetrachs in elaborate military dress with bird-headed sword hilts and flat pannonian caps=represent powerful Illyrian officer class-proportions are squat and nonnaturalistic, facial features abstract rather than individualized.=portrait suggest authority resides in office of emperor not in who holds office. =sameness of portraits underlines the tetrachs equality-porphyry-hard Egyptian stone reserved for imperial use Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, 130-138 CE – emperor built magnificient residence for self- built on site of Republican villa- villa’s form follo natural line of landscape but massive earthworks rearranged terrain to accommodate architecture – water is a common feature- in pools, running channels=adding sound,motion,reflecting light, offering coolness in summer heat-canal has been known as CANOPUS Pantheon, Rome, 117-125 CE Augustus’ right-han dman=Agrippa built first Pantheon-name intended it as temple to gods- fire destroyed this temple and Domitian built reconstruction- Pantheon now work of Trajan’s architect=APOLLODORUS- completed in Hadrian’s reign-In roman times pantheon stood raised on a podium at south end of large rectangular court-octastyle facade- dome pierced with 27ft hole(OCULUS open to sky)- 143ft(total interior height is also dome’s diameter=sphere=eternity and perfection Trajan’s Column, Rome, 106-113 CE (height 38 m) – support gilded statue of emperor- winding through interior of shaft is a spiral staircase leading to a viewing platform- credited as work of Apollodorus-role as velvedere(viewing station) Titus riding in triumph, Arch of Titus, 81 CE rides triumphal chariot, high above a teeming crowd- horses appear in profile but chariot is front al=illusion that procession is approaching viwer before turning sharply- behind emperor-personification of victory crowns him for his success Procession of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 81 CE – soldiers carry booty through the streets including seven-branched menorah and other sacred furniture looted from Temple- panel marks important move toward spatial illusionism Colosseum, Rome, 72-80 CE – held over 50 000 spectators-concrete-faced with travertine- 80 arched entrances led into building framed with tuscan columns- second story, Ionic columns framed second set of arches, third engaged Corinthian columns. WEEK 6Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, 1569-74, Edirne, Turkey Sultan-Muhammed, Allegory of Heavenly and Earthly Drunkenness, from a manuscript of the Divan of Hafiz, 1529 Detail of a carpet from Iran, ca. 1575-1600 Behzad, Poor man refused admittance to a mosque, from a manuscript of the Bostan of Sa’di, 1486 CE Court of the Lions, Alhambra, 1 4th c. CE, Granada, Spain Dome, Hall of the Abencerrajes, Alhambra, 14th c. CE, Granada, Spain Cloak of Roger II of Sicily, 12th c. CE The Temptation and Fall, Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Cathedral, ca. 1015 CE Detail of qibla wall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 10th c. CE Interior of Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 8th-10th c.CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, 816-835 CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne, ca. 800-810 CE Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler, 9th C Kufic script from a Qu’ran, 9th c. Chi Rho Iota Page, Book of Kells, ca. 800 CE St. Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Cross Page, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 and later Interior, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 CE and later Belt buckle, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Purse cover, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Clasp, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE